B3M1 LECTURE 7-9

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of the Internal Pyramidal Layer regarding cell types?

Exclusively composed of glial cells

Lacks any type of stellate cells

Contains only small-sized pyramidal cells

Contains very large and medium-sized pyramidal cells (correct)

In which areas are the bands of Baillarger particularly well developed?

In the sensory areas of the cortex (correct)

In the visual cortex exclusively

In the motor areas of the cortex

In the auditory cortex primarily

What are Betz Cells, and where are they located?

Large pyramidal cells found in the precentral gyrus (correct)

Medium-sized interneurons in the occipital lobe

Specialized glial cells in the hippocampus

Small neurons found in the sensory cortex

Which layer has the highest concentration of tangential fibers?

Layer 4 and 5 Signup and view all the answers

What does the Inner Band of Baillarger primarily consist of?

Horizontally arranged fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical thickness range of the cerebral cortex?

1.5 to 4.5 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the functional part of the cerebral cortex?

It covers all the convolutions of the cerebrum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of neurons in the total cerebral cortex?

100 billion neurons Signup and view all the answers

What supports the anterior spinal artery?

Anterior and posterior radicular arteries Signup and view all the answers

In which regions is the thickness of the cerebral cortex greatest?

Over the crest of a gyrus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessels are found intermingled within the cerebral cortex?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature divides the cerebral hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is the total area of the cerebral cortex approximately?

0.25 square meter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somesthetic association area?

To process tactile stimuli like brush strokes Signup and view all the answers

Where is the secondary auditory area located?

Posterior to the primary auditory area Signup and view all the answers

Which area is connected to Broca’s area by the arcuate fasciculus?

Sensory speech area of Wernicke Signup and view all the answers

What is represented on the primary visual cortex in the posterior part of Brodmann area 17?

Central vision via the macula lutea Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about the connections of the somesthetic association area?

It has extensive connections with various sensory areas Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain processes the size and shape of objects?

Somesthetic association area Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for one-third of the representation in the primary visual cortex?

Macula lutea Signup and view all the answers

Which area primarily receives auditory information?

Primary auditory area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ophthalmic artery?

To supply the eye and other orbital structures Signup and view all the answers

Which artery originates from the internal carotid artery near its bifurcation?

Posterior communicating artery Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical formation is created by the branches anastomosing on the inferior surface of the brain?

Circle of Willis Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of arteries are located within the subarachnoid space?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the posterior communicating artery?

To connect anterior and posterior circulatory systems of the brain Signup and view all the answers

The left internal carotid artery terminates into which two arteries?

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries Signup and view all the answers

Where does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit?

Through the optic canal Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the internal carotid artery emerge from?

Cavernous sinus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Receptive Aphasia following destruction of the Sensory Speech Area of Wernicke?

The patient cannot understand spoken and written words. Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to the prefrontal cortex primarily affect a person’s behavior?

It diminishes abstract reasoning and judgment. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to speech production if Broca's area remains intact during Wernicke's area destruction?

Speech production is unaffected but lacks meaning. Signup and view all the answers

Destruction of which area might lead to a lack of ability to relate experiences necessary for abstract thought?

Prefrontal Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of brain injury affecting speech centers in children up to 6-8 years old?

Speech centers may be transferred to the right hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with a loss of social behavior conformity due to prefrontal cortex damage?

Alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a patient with Receptive Aphasia?

They often use meaningless or incorrect words. Signup and view all the answers

Which area is primarily responsible for producing fluent speech?

Broca's Area Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of expressive aphasia associated with damage to Broca's area?

Difficulty in creating structured speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

Sounding normal but lacking meaningful content Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a symptom of Wernicke's aphasia?

Engaging in written language with clarity Signup and view all the answers

How does the speech of individuals with Wernicke's aphasia typically present?

Flowing with normal rhythm but lacking actual content Signup and view all the answers

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in individuals with schizophrenia according to the content?

It shows reduced blood flow in relation to executive functions Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is commonly used to reduce emotional responsiveness in certain patients?

Frontal leukotomy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior of individuals with Wernicke's aphasia in terms of awareness?

They demonstrate no awareness of problems with their speech. Signup and view all the answers

What results from a sensory lesion in Wernicke’s area?

Receptive aphasia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Supply to the Brain

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain
Internal carotid arteries branch into ophthalmic arteries, which supply the eye and other orbital structures. The posterior communicating arteries connect the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery, forming part of the circle of Willis.
Choroidal arteries originate from the internal carotid artery and supply structures like the optic tract, crus cerebri, and the choroid plexus within the lateral ventricles.
The anterior cerebral artery is a smaller terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, running forward and medially. It connects to its counterpart on the opposite side via the anterior communicating artery.
The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery, supplying the lateral cerebral sulcus
The right internal carotid artery ascend, enters the temporal bone, passes forward, and then superiorly to enter the brain, dividing into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
The vertebral arteries fuse to form the basilar artery, supplying the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior parts of the brain.
Branches of the basilar artery include the pontine arteries, anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), and the superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
Vertebral artery branches to posterior spinal arteries, which travel down near the posterior nerve roots and anterior spinal arteries that run along the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord

Cranial Venous Sinuses

Cranial venous sinuses are a network of veins that drain the brain and into the internal jugular vein.
Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, and sigmoid sinus are important pathways for venous drainage.
Superior Petrosal Sinus, Inferior Petrosal Sinus
The superior and inferior petrosal sinuses drain to the internal jugular veins.

Veins of the Brain

Superficial middle cerebral veins, superior cerebral veins, internal cerebral veins, and the great cerebral vein of Galen drain blood from the brain to the dural sinuses.

Arteries of the Spinal Cord

Spinal cord blood supply is through branches of the vertebral arteries, which ascend into the foramen magnum, merging to form the basilar artery.
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries, which run down the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spinal cord, and supply the cord. Segmental spinal arteries reinforce them.

###Levels of Consciousness

Normal alertness is characterized by a person fully responsive to internal or external stimuli.
Confusion is marked by slowed thinking, inattention, and disorientation.
Stupor is a state of nearly unconsciousness, where the person is only aroused by vigorous stimuli.
Coma is a state of profound unconsciousness where there is no response to any stimuli.

Lesions and the Motor Cortex

Lesions of the motor cortex induce paralysis of contralateral extremities with fine motor skills particularly affected.
Lesions in both primary and secondary motor areas lead to complete contralateral paralysis.

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Description

Explore the intricate network of blood vessels that supply the brain, including the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. This quiz covers key arteries such as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and the significance of the circle of Willis. Test your knowledge on the essential structures and connections that support brain function.