Podcast
Questions and Answers
What determines the properties of organic molecules such as solubility and reactivity?
What determines the properties of organic molecules such as solubility and reactivity?
Which of the following is NOT a monomer mentioned in the study of biomolecules?
Which of the following is NOT a monomer mentioned in the study of biomolecules?
What is the process of forming a polymer from monomers called?
What is the process of forming a polymer from monomers called?
What type of bond is primarily involved in the connection of functional groups to the carbon framework?
What type of bond is primarily involved in the connection of functional groups to the carbon framework?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of triglycerides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of triglycerides?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about anabolic and catabolic processes is correct?
Which of the following statements about anabolic and catabolic processes is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Which macromolecule is characterized by having a 4-ring structure?
Which macromolecule is characterized by having a 4-ring structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a solute in a solution?
What is the definition of a solute in a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property of water allows it to act as a 'Universal Solvent'?
Which property of water allows it to act as a 'Universal Solvent'?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes acidosis in the human body?
What causes acidosis in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes bases?
Which statement correctly describes bases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of a buffer solution?
What is the primary function of a buffer solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following ions is considered an electrolyte?
Which of the following ions is considered an electrolyte?
Signup and view all the answers
What pH value indicates alkalosis in the blood?
What pH value indicates alkalosis in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of water enables its molecules to stick to other molecules?
What characteristic of water enables its molecules to stick to other molecules?
Signup and view all the answers
The heart is positioned in relation to the sternum as which of the following?
The heart is positioned in relation to the sternum as which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Which body cavity contains the lungs?
Which body cavity contains the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes a section that divides the body into equal right and left portions?
What term describes a section that divides the body into equal right and left portions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the Control Center in homeostasis?
What is the role of the Control Center in homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a Positive Feedback Loop?
What characterizes a Positive Feedback Loop?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?
Which system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an isotope?
What is an isotope?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle is mainly involved in voluntary movements?
What type of muscle is mainly involved in voluntary movements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is not part of the lymphatic system?
Which component is not part of the lymphatic system?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a mixture?
What defines a mixture?
Signup and view all the answers
The charge of an anion is due to which condition?
The charge of an anion is due to which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary function of the integumentary system is to:
The primary function of the integumentary system is to:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
Signup and view all the answers
What best describes the formation of ionic bonds?
What best describes the formation of ionic bonds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ system is responsible for nutrient absorption?
Which organ system is responsible for nutrient absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes a solution?
Which of the following accurately describes a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to metals in terms of electrons?
What happens to metals in terms of electrons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the urinary system?
What is the role of the urinary system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
What is the primary characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes a nucleotide from other biomolecules?
What distinguishes a nucleotide from other biomolecules?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bonds are found between base pairs in DNA?
What type of bonds are found between base pairs in DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the components of phospholipids?
Which statement accurately describes the components of phospholipids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fatty acid classification includes those with fewer than 7 carbon atoms?
Which fatty acid classification includes those with fewer than 7 carbon atoms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key functional difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
What is a key functional difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What does anatomy primarily focus on?
What does anatomy primarily focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
What base pairs with adenine (A) in RNA?
What base pairs with adenine (A) in RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following terms refers to the front of the body?
Which of the following terms refers to the front of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What feature differentiates DNA from RNA regarding their structure?
What feature differentiates DNA from RNA regarding their structure?
Signup and view all the answers
If a structure is described as being proximal, where is it located?
If a structure is described as being proximal, where is it located?
Signup and view all the answers
In anatomical position, how are the palms oriented?
In anatomical position, how are the palms oriented?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the opposing term to medial?
What is the opposing term to medial?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes a position closer to the head?
Which term describes a position closer to the head?
Signup and view all the answers
Which directional term indicates a structure is further from the body surface?
Which directional term indicates a structure is further from the body surface?
Signup and view all the answers
If a person is standing in anatomical position, what is the orientation of their feet?
If a person is standing in anatomical position, what is the orientation of their feet?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following pairs describes structures on opposite sides of the body?
Which of the following pairs describes structures on opposite sides of the body?
Signup and view all the answers
In which position would the nose be described in relation to the eyes?
In which position would the nose be described in relation to the eyes?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
A&P Exam 1 Review
- Exam date: 9/13/2024
- Review by Drs. Jameelah Nelson and Jenna Bridgewater
Anatomy vs. Physiology
- Anatomy: The study of body structure
- Physiology: The study of body parts and how they interact
- Structure and function complement each other
Principle of Complementarity
- Form follows function
- Hard bones protect internal organs
Terminology & Anatomical Position
- Anatomical position: Standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat on the floor
Directional Terms
- Cranial (Superior): Toward the head
- Caudal (Inferior): Toward the tail
- Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front
- Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
- Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
- Superficial: Closer to the surface
- Deep: Farther from the surface
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton: Skull, cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), abdominal (belly), pelvic (hip), and back of the neck (nuchal)
- Appendicular skeleton: upper/lower appendages (arms and legs); axillary (armpit), brachial (upper arm), antecubital (front of the elbow), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist), palmar (palm), pollex (thumb), femoral (thigh), patellar (anterior surface of the knee), crural (leg), pedal (foot), metatarsal/tarsal (ankle)
Body Cavities
- Dorsal: Cranial and spinal cavities
-
Ventral: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- Thoracic: Pericardial & pleural cavities
- Abdominopelvic: Abdominal & pelvic cavities
Lining Body Cavities
- Parietal: Lining in contact with the body wall
- Visceral: Lining in contact with organs
- Cavity: Space between parietal and visceral linings
Quadrants and Regions
- 4 quadrants: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
- 9 regions: right/left hypochondriac, epigastric, right/left lumbar, umbilical, right/left iliac (inguinal), hypogastric
Body Planes
- Sagittal plane: Vertical, divides body into right and left parts
- Midsagittal plane: Equal halves
- Parasagittal plane: Unequal halves
- Coronal (frontal) plane: Vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior
- Transverse (axial) plane: Horizontal, divides body into superior and inferior parts
Organization & Systems
- Atoms → Molecules →Organelles→Cells→Tissues→Organs→Organ Systems→Organism
- 11 body systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
Integumentary System
- Components: Skin, hair, nails, glands
- Functions: Protection, regulation (temp), synthesis of vitamin D, excretion
Skeletal System
- Components: Bones, joints, ligaments
- Functions: Support, protection, movement, blood formation, calcium storage
Muscular System
- Components: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, tendons
- Functions: Movement, posture, heat production
Lymphatic System
- Components: Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels, Tonsils
- Functions: Fluid balance, immunity, transport dietary lipids.
Respiratory System
- Components: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli
- Functions: Gas exchange, olfaction, sound production
Urinary System
- Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Functions: Waste elimination, blood volume regulation, pH maintenance
Nervous System
- Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Functions: Control of body systems, communication, sensory processing
Endocrine System
- Components: Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
- Functions: Regulation of metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Cardiovascular System
- Components: Blood, heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- Functions: Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste; heat distribution
Digestive System
- Components: Gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum/anus, accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
- Functions: Digestion and absorption of nutrients, waste elimination.
Male Reproductive System
- Components: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, penis, urethra, accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
- Functions: Production of sex hormones, sex cells (sperm), maintenance of male characteristics.
Female Reproductive System
- Components: Ovaries, oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, breasts
- Functions: Production of sex hormones, sex cells (ova), maintenance of female characteristics, fetal development
Homeostasis
- Maintaining stable internal environment
- Regulated by organ systems to maintain body functions.
How Homeostasis is Maintained
- Three components:
- Sensor (receptor): Monitors internal environment and stimulus
- Control center: Determines the "set point"
- Target/effector: Responds to stimulus, maintaining set point
Feedback Loops
-
Negative feedback: Reduces or shuts off original stimulus
- Example: Temperature regulation
-
Positive feedback: Enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
- Example: Blood clotting
Chemistry
- Atoms, Chemical Bonds, and Inorganic Compounds
- Atom structure: Nucleus (protons & neutrons), electron orbits
- Atomic number & Atomic weight: Number of protons, Average mass
- Isotopes: Same number of protons, different number of neutrons
- Molecules: Atoms bonded together
- Ions: Atoms/molecules with an electrical charge, caused by unequal protons & electrons
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons (polar/nonpolar)
- Mixtures (Homogenous/Heterogenous)
- Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures
- Solutes & Solvents
- Organic Chemistry : The study of carbon based structures
- Functional groups : Specific covalent groups of atoms
- Dehydration synthesis/Hydrolysis
4 Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates (monomers/polymers)
-
Proteins (monomers/polymers)
- Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins
-
Lipids (types and properties)
- Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Derived Lipids
-
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
- DNA/RNA Structure (Phosphate, sugar, bases)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the properties of organic molecules, such as solubility and reactivity. This quiz covers important concepts like monomers, polymers, and various macromolecules. Additionally, delve into the roles of different substances in biochemical processes.
