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Questions and Answers
What is the 5-carbon sugar found in the structure of deoxyguanosine?
What is the 5-carbon sugar found in the structure of deoxyguanosine?
Which of the following is true about ribonucleotides?
Which of the following is true about ribonucleotides?
Which nitrogenous base is associated with adenosine?
Which nitrogenous base is associated with adenosine?
What type of nucleotide is deoxycytidine?
What type of nucleotide is deoxycytidine?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding cytidine?
Which of the following statements is false regarding cytidine?
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Which nucleotide is specifically found in RNA?
Which nucleotide is specifically found in RNA?
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What is the main difference between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides?
What is the main difference between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides?
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Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA?
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What units are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What units are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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What type of bond links amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?
What type of bond links amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?
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How does a change in the sequence of nucleotides affect proteins?
How does a change in the sequence of nucleotides affect proteins?
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Which of the following factors can lead to protein denaturation?
Which of the following factors can lead to protein denaturation?
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What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
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What is a consequence of sickle cell anemia related to protein structure?
What is a consequence of sickle cell anemia related to protein structure?
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What primarily determines a protein's structure and function?
What primarily determines a protein's structure and function?
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What type of sugar is found in deoxyribonucleotides?
What type of sugar is found in deoxyribonucleotides?
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Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
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What is the correct base pairing rule according to Chargaff’s Rule?
What is the correct base pairing rule according to Chargaff’s Rule?
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Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?
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What distinguishes ribonucleosides from deoxyribonucleosides?
What distinguishes ribonucleosides from deoxyribonucleosides?
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Which pair of bases are pyrimidines?
Which pair of bases are pyrimidines?
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What structural feature defines the antiparallel orientation of DNA strands?
What structural feature defines the antiparallel orientation of DNA strands?
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What defines a biomolecule?
What defines a biomolecule?
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What is a macromolecule?
What is a macromolecule?
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What occurs during a dehydration/condensation reaction?
What occurs during a dehydration/condensation reaction?
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What characterizes an amphipathic molecule?
What characterizes an amphipathic molecule?
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What function do nucleic acids serve in living organisms?
What function do nucleic acids serve in living organisms?
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What is the replacement of thymine in RNA called?
What is the replacement of thymine in RNA called?
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What type of bond is formed between the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the 5’ carbon of another nucleotide?
What type of bond is formed between the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the 5’ carbon of another nucleotide?
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are organic compounds made by cells of living organisms.
- Organic compounds are composed of one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to other atoms.
- Macromolecules are large molecules.
- A polymer is a long molecule made of repeating monomer units.
Synthesis and Breakdown of Biomolecules
- Dehydration/condensation reaction: two or more monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis reaction: the breakdown of molecules due to reaction with water.
Amphipathic Molecules
- Amphipathic molecules contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
- Phospholipids are a type of amphipathic molecule.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- ATP is a molecule that stores and releases energy.
- High-energy phosphoanhydride bonds store energy and release it when hydrolyzed.
- ATP is crucial for cellular activities through hydrolysis.
Four Classes of Biomolecules
- Nucleic acids: involved in genetic information storage, expression, and transmission.
- Proteins: polymers of amino acids involved in various functions (e.g., enzymes, structural, regulatory, transport, defensive).
- Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure.
- Lipids: important in energy storage, cellular membranes, and signaling.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are responsible for storing, expressing, and transmitting genetic information.
- DNA is a double-stranded molecule.
- RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
- Polymers of nucleotides.
DNA structure
- X-ray diffraction reveals DNA's double helix structure.
- The central cross in X-ray diffraction pattern is diagnostic of the helical structure.
- The spacing of DNA is 3.4Å.
DNA and Nucleotides
- Nitrogenous bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
- In DNA, A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
- DNA strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel).
- Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
Pentose Sugars
- Pentose sugars (deoxyribose and ribose) form the backbone of nucleic acids.
Phosphate Groups
- Phosphate groups link nucleotides together.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Purines (adenine and guanine) have a double-ring structure.
- Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single-ring structure.
- In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.
Nucleotides
- Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group = nucleotide.
Amino Acids
- Amino acids form proteins.
- The respective side chains of amino acids give unique chemical properties to proteins.
- Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body.
Polypeptides
- Polypeptides are chains of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds.
Protein Structure
- Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary structure: Folding into α-helices or β-pleated sheets.
- Tertiary structure: The 3D structure of the polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary structure: The assembly of multiple polypeptide chains in a functional protein.
Protein Denaturation
- Protein structure can change due to environmental factors (pH, salt concentration, temperature).
- Denaturation leads to inactivation of proteins.
Protein Functions
- Proteins have diverse functions depending on their type, including enzymes, structural proteins, motility proteins, regulatory proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, and defensive proteins.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a change in the primary structure of hemoglobin.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biomolecules, including their structure, synthesis, and function. This quiz covers macromolecules, amphipathic molecules, and the crucial role of ATP in energy storage and cellular activities. Test your knowledge about the four main classes of biomolecules and their importance in living organisms.
