Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes hypersensitivity reactions?
What characterizes hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following defines immunodeficiency?
Which of the following defines immunodeficiency?
Autoimmunity can be defined as:
Autoimmunity can be defined as:
What is an important consequence of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is an important consequence of hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about autoimmune diseases is true?
Which statement about autoimmune diseases is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated reactions?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of immunodeficiency disorders?
What is the primary cause of immunodeficiency disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
How can autoimmune diseases manifest in the oral cavity?
How can autoimmune diseases manifest in the oral cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common allergic reaction for individuals with atopy?
What is a common allergic reaction for individuals with atopy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of allergy can lead to type I anaphylaxis?
Which type of allergy can lead to type I anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines primary immunodeficiency (PID)?
What defines primary immunodeficiency (PID)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can cause secondary immunodeficiency (SID)?
Which of the following can cause secondary immunodeficiency (SID)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential risk associated with chlorhexidine in dental practice?
What is a potential risk associated with chlorhexidine in dental practice?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary immune system issue faced by immunodeficient individuals?
What is the primary immune system issue faced by immunodeficient individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which allergy is specifically associated with dental topical anaesthetics?
Which allergy is specifically associated with dental topical anaesthetics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment for systemic anaphylaxis?
What is the primary treatment for systemic anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a classic example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is a classic example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What action should NOT be taken when administering treatment for anaphylaxis?
What action should NOT be taken when administering treatment for anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common trigger for allergic reactions?
Which of the following is a common trigger for allergic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reaction is hay fever considered?
What type of reaction is hay fever considered?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is commonly used for extrinsic asthma caused by allergens?
Which treatment is commonly used for extrinsic asthma caused by allergens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of antihistamines in allergic reactions?
What is the primary function of antihistamines in allergic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following treatment options should be prioritized for someone experiencing anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following treatment options should be prioritized for someone experiencing anaphylactic shock?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs due to exposure to certain foods?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs due to exposure to certain foods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an indication that a patient is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?
What is an indication that a patient is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is a sign of anaphylactic shock?
Which symptom is a sign of anaphylactic shock?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of referring a patient to an Immunology or allergy clinic post-anaphylaxis?
What is the primary purpose of referring a patient to an Immunology or allergy clinic post-anaphylaxis?
Signup and view all the answers
What antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with an allergic reaction?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with an allergic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common physical response to anaphylaxis regarding heart rate?
What is a common physical response to anaphylaxis regarding heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an effective management strategy after an anaphylactic episode?
Which of the following is an effective management strategy after an anaphylactic episode?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
What characterizes a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
In which timeframe does a Type II hypersensitivity reaction typically develop?
In which timeframe does a Type II hypersensitivity reaction typically develop?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a sign of respiratory distress in an allergic reaction?
Which of the following is a sign of respiratory distress in an allergic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a characteristic feature of Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do opsonins play in immune responses?
What role do opsonins play in immune responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which immune cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory response during Type III hypersensitivity?
Which immune cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory response during Type III hypersensitivity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is a potential consequence of systemic immune complex disease?
Which condition is a potential consequence of systemic immune complex disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism through which immune complexes in Type III hypersensitivity cause damage?
What is the primary mechanism through which immune complexes in Type III hypersensitivity cause damage?
Signup and view all the answers
What can occur when immune complexes lodge in small blood vessels?
What can occur when immune complexes lodge in small blood vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of antibodies primarily participate in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What type of antibodies primarily participate in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What outcome is associated with chemotaxis in the context of hypersensitivity reactions?
What outcome is associated with chemotaxis in the context of hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes cell lysis?
Which of the following accurately describes cell lysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes autoimmunity in relation to transfusion reactions?
Which of the following best describes autoimmunity in relation to transfusion reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Immune Disorders
- Module: Biomedical Sciences
- Tutor: Ms P Lazarou
- Topic: Immune Disorders
- Aim: Overview of general immune disorders affecting the population and their oral manifestations
GDC Learning Outcomes
- Explain the impact of medical and psychological conditions on patients
Intended Learning Outcomes
- Discuss immunopathology (diseases of the immune system) including hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency
- Define and outline the different types of hypersensitivity
- Define and outline the causes of immunodeficiency
- Define and discuss the impact of autoimmune diseases
- Relate how autoimmune diseases manifest in the oral cavity
Assessment
- Format: Formative (online quiz in Biomedical Sciences)
- Format: Summative (in Biomedical Sciences assessment)
Immunopathology
- Hypersensitivity: overactive immune response
- Immunodeficiency: ineffective immune response
- Autoimmunity: inappropriate reaction to self
Hypersensitivity
- The production of an excessive immune response causing gross tissue damage resulting from exposure to an antigenic substance.
- Four types: Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV
Type I Hypersensitivity
- Commonest hypersensitivity reaction.
- Rapid onset within one hour.
- Provoked by re-exposure to a specific antigen (allergen).
- High levels of IgE secreted by plasma cells bind to mast cells and basophils.
- Subsequent exposure to allergen initiates degranulation of mast cells and release of active mediators like histamine.
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction continued
- Systemic anaphylaxis: In some individuals, a severe systemic reaction occurs within minutes and involves multiple organs such as the airways and/or cardiovascular system.
- Local anaphylaxis (atopy): Localized reaction to allergens, often involves the mucous membranes (like hay fever).
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction - Cytotoxic
- Rare; develops between 2-24 hours
- Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell surfaces.
- Causes cell lysis (destruction), opsonization (marking for phagocytosis), or agglutination (clumping) of cells.
- Examples: Hemolytic reactions during blood transfusions, some drug reactions, autoimmune anemias.
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction - Immune Complex Mediated
- Develops over hours, days, or weeks.
- IgG and IgM antibodies bind to free soluble antigens, forming immune complexes.
- Immune complexes lodge in and pass through blood vessel walls.
- Complement activation initiates inflammatory and tissue-damaging reactions.
- Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness, rheumatoid arthritis.
Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction - Cell Mediated
- Second commonest hypersensitivity type.
- Develops in 2 or more days, antibody independent.
- Caused by overstimulation of T cells and monocytes/macrophages releasing cytokines resulting in inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage.
- Examples: contact dermatitis, tuberculin skin test, graft rejection.
Dental Implications
- Atopic individuals: check medical history for allergies.
- Latex allergy: check patient and staff histories.
- Chlorhexidine allergy: check patient history.
- Allergy to benzocaine topical anaesthetic: check patient history.
- Allergy to sodium metabisulphite in LA: check patient history.
- Allergy to dentine bonding agent: check patient history
- Contact dermatitis: check patient and staff histories.
- More information available in medical emergencies session.
Immunodeficiency
- Compromised or absent immune system response to infectious disease.
- Primary immunodeficiency (PID): congenital defects in the immune system (rare, can be life-threatening).
- Secondary immunodeficiency (SID): Acquired weakness in the immune system from something external. Examples include HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, and certain medications.
- Causes of PID: genetic defects in genes related to B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and complement proteins.
Primary Immunodeficiencies
- Rare.
- Genetically determined.
- Classified according to immune defect (B-cell, T-cell, complement, phagocyte)
- Get serious life-threatening infections.
- Increased incidence of malignancy and autoimmune disease.
- Examples: Severe combined immunodeficiency; IgA deficiency; Papillon-Lefevre syndrome
Secondary Immunodeficiencies
- More common than primary immunodeficiencies.
- Acquired from secondary factors such as infections (HIV/AIDS), malnutrition, and medications (e.g., chemotherapy).
- Potential for increased infection risk
Oral Implications of Patients Taking Immunosuppressant Drugs
- Oral candidiasis (common).
- Higher incidence of bacterial infections.
- Viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex, zoster).
- Periodontal disease.
- Gingival swelling with ciclosporin.
- Oral ulceration.
- Poor healing.
- Increased risk of malignancy.
Diseases that May Cause Immunocompromise
- Poorly controlled diabetes
- HIV infection
- Some malignancies (e.g., Hodgkin disease, leukemia, lymphoma)
- Malnutrition (iron and vitamin deficiencies)
- Anaemia
- Spleen removal
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Kidney failure
- Sickle cell disease
Periodontal Destruction
- A delicate balance between host defense, bacterial challenge, and ecological environment.
- Reduction or defect in host defenses increase the risk of periodontal disease.
Dental Role
- Risk assessment: full medical history.
- Liaison with physician: potential for antibiotic coverage before surgical procedures.
- Prevention: good oral hygiene practices, and infection control procedures.
- Aggressive treatment for oral infections.
- Appropriate management of dental unit waterlines.
- Check risk of post-op bleeding if the patient is on immunosuppressive drugs.
- Close monitoring and follow up
Autoimmune Diseases
- Chronic, progressive disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue (tolerance breakdown).
- Examples: Type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis.
- Symptoms vary, impacting multiple organ systems or a single organ.
- Important to understand various factors contributing to these diseases (e.g., genetics, infections, drug reactions, hormones)
Testing for Autoimmune Diseases
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests
- Autoantibody tests
- Complete blood count
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Urine test or urinalysis
Autoimmune Diseases Prevalence
- More than 80 known autoimmune conditions.
- Affects women more than men.
- Common in the UK population.
Effect of Autoimmune Diseases on Patients
- Joint pain, swelling.
- Fatigue; rash.
- Skin/digestive problems.
- Difficulty in work, life, and mobility.
- Potential impact on oral care (e.g., fatigue impacting oral hygiene, impaired mobility impacting care).
Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
- Specific drugs to dampen down immune response, reducing inflammation.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- Immunosuppressants.
- Other treatments for specific symptoms.
- Regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Cost of Autoimmune Diseases
- Significant direct and indirect costs (e.g., UK: £13 billion annually).
- Impacts on individuals, families, and healthcare systems.
Autoimmune Disease Categories
- Organ-specific diseases: directed at specific organ components (e.g., thyroiditis, Grave's disease ,pernicious anemia, etc...).
- Generalized systemic diseases (non-organ-specific): damage tissues across the body. examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune Diseases and Oral Manifestations
- Oral signs can be early warning signs
- Examples of conditions, include systemic lupus, Sjogren and Pemphigus Vulgaris, and mucosal membrane pemphigoid.
Additional Information - Covid-19 Impact
- Emerging field; possible role of a destructive immune response in severe Covid.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz provides an overview of immune disorders and their implications on health. Participants will explore the paths of immunopathology, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency. Gain insights into how these disorders affect not only the body but also manifest in oral health.
