Pharmacy 310: Immune Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What cytokines are secreted by the common stem-cell precursor with Eosinophil to initiate TH2 lymphocyte activation?

IL-4 and IL-13 (correct)

IL-2 and TNF-alpha

IL-6 and IL-8

IL-1 and IL-10

Which of the following best describes the time course of an IgE-mediated allergic reaction?

A single phase of response

Immediate response only

Immediate response followed by a late-phase response (correct)

Late-phase response only

Which treatment strategy is NOT typically used for managing allergic reactions?

Antibiotic therapy (correct)

Histamine receptor blockers

Avoiding contact with allergens

Corticosteroids

What is the primary mechanism of action for Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of allergic reactions?

Inhibits histamine release Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cell type involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Mast Cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

They regulate the expression of IgE receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily mediates Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

Cytotoxic products of effector T-cells Signup and view all the answers

Anaphylaxis is characterized as which type of allergic reaction?

Type I hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of mast cell degranulation during an allergic reaction?

Release of pre-packaged inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hypersensitivity' refer to in the context of immune disorders?

Overreaction to typically harmless substances Signup and view all the answers

What are leukotrienes and prostaglandins derived from during the mast cell activation process?

Arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Lyme disease?

It can lead to chronic neurological symptoms if untreated. Signup and view all the answers

How is rheumatic fever primarily triggered?

Following throat infection with specific strains of Strep. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about HLA gene association in autoimmune diseases?

Their association varies significantly among ethnic groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of autoimmune disease is primarily caused by antibodies against cell surface or matrix antigens?

Type II Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tick paralysis caused by a neurotoxin from tick saliva?

It causes muscle weakness that resolves over time. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the higher frequency of specific HLA allele combinations with certain autoimmune diseases?

Linkage disequilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

CD4 TH1 cells and cytotoxic CD8 T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of autoimmune disease is characterized by immune complexes?

Type III Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT typically used for Type IV hypersensitivity?

Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy Signup and view all the answers

How are autoimmune diseases classified according to their causative mechanisms?

By the hypersensitivity reaction they correspond to Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

IgG and IgM antibodies binding to red blood cell antigens Signup and view all the answers

What does an autoimmune response typically lead to?

Attack on healthy cells and tissues as if they were infected Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is NOT mediated by IgE?

Type I hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a result of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity?

Type IV autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the onset of autoimmune diseases?

Certain infections triggering immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

IgG antibody formation leading to cell destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a treatment strategy for Type III hypersensitivity?

Antihistamines for mild urticaria symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Arthus reaction in Type III hypersensitivity?

Localized erythema and induration at the injection site Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of serum sickness caused by Type III hypersensitivity?

Fever and lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal in managing an anaphylactic reaction?

Administration of epinephrine and airway management Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity? Production of immunoglobulin A Phagocytosis of damaged cells IgG antibody formation Complement protein activation

Production of immunoglobulin A Signup and view all the answers

The process of shifting from allergen-specific IgE to IgG4 is a strategy referred to as what?

Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

How does Type III hypersensitivity typically manifest after exposure to a therapeutic protein?

Delayed onset of fever and joint pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors dictates the type of disease resulting from immunogen exposure in Type III reactions?

Route of immunogen exposure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Allergy & Hypersensitivity

Allergy results from the immune system's overreaction to non-harmful environmental antigens, affecting 10-40% of individuals in developed countries.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by rapid onset.

Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Four types are classified based on their effector mechanisms:
- Types I, II, and III are mediated by antibodies.
- Type IV is mediated by cytotoxic T-cell products.

Type I Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic)

Usually triggered by inhaled antigens (e.g., pollen, dust mites).
Antigens bind to specific IgE antibodies on granulocytes, leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators.
Mast cells release immediate (pre-packaged) mediators and later synthesize additional mediators post-activation.

Mast Cell Responses

Mast cells synthesize Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes from Arachidonic Acid, a breakdown product of cell membrane fatty acids.

Eosinophil Response

Eosinophils are primarily found in connective tissues and play a crucial role in combating parasites, but can also damage host tissues.
The expression of Fcε (epsilon) and Complement receptors on eosinophils is regulated by inflammation.

Routes of Allergen Exposure

The exposure route determines the type of allergic response; for instance, inhalation can lead to allergic asthma, whereas ingestion may cause food allergies.

Immediate vs. Late-Phase Allergic Reactions

IgE-mediated reactions have an immediate response followed by a late-phase reaction, seen in conditions like allergic asthma and rhinitis.

Treatment Strategies for Allergic Reactions

Prevention involves avoiding allergens.
Pharmacological treatments include antihistamine blockers, corticosteroids, Cromolyn sodium, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Immunological approaches focus on desensitization and shifting the immune response from IgE to IgG4.

Type II Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic)

Caused by small molecules attaching to human cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction recognized by the immune system.
Antibiotics like penicillin can trigger Type II hypersensitivity.

Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)

Arises from the deposition of immune complexes on blood vessel walls, leading to tissue damage through inflammatory responses.
Serological reactions can follow therapeutic administration of foreign proteins, causing symptoms like fever and rash.

Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type)

Mediated by T-cell responses, primarily CD4 TH1 cells.
Associated with chronic conditions, including organ transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune Diseases

Characterized by misdirected immune responses against healthy cells, classified into Type II, III, and IV types based on underlying mechanisms.
Autoimmune responses can worsen over time and may lead to severe health consequences.

Association with Infections

Infections can trigger autoimmune responses, evidenced in conditions like rheumatic fever following Streptococcus infections and Lyme Disease leading to autoimmune arthritis.

Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity

Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is often familial and linked to specific HLA genes, contributing to disease predisposition across ethnic groups.

Summary of Autoimmune Responses

Type II autoimmune diseases involve antibodies against cell surface antigens.
Type III diseases result from immune complexes, while Type IV diseases are mediated by T-cells.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in immune disorders, specifically focusing on allergy and hypersensitivity reactions as well as autoimmune diseases. Learn about the differences, mechanisms, and implications of these conditions within the context of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.