Disorders of the Immune System
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Questions and Answers

What are the three broad categories of disorders of the immune system?

  • Innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and immunosenescence
  • Allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant rejection
  • Hypersensitivity disorders, autoimmune disorders, and immunodeficiency (correct)
  • Infection, inflammation, and cancer

    • What is an antigen?

  • An offending agent that elicits an immune response (correct)
  • A type of antibody
  • A type of inflammatory mediator
  • A type of immune cell

    • What is the result of exposure to an antigen?

  • Production of inflammatory mediators
  • Exposure to antigen → production of antibodies → triggers inflammatory response (correct)
  • Exposure to antigen → immune tolerance
  • Production of antibodies

    • What type of cells are involved in an immune response?

    <p>Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in people who are sensitized to an antigen?

    <p>Exposure to antigen → sensitized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an immune response?

    <p>Either resolution or chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction caused by antibodies that react with antigens present on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of antibodies to the TSH receptor on the thyroid cells?

    <p>Blocks activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in tuberculosis?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of immune complex deposition in tissue?

    <p>Inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of autoimmune disease?

    <p>Immune reaction against self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors?

    <p>Blocks activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in systemic lupus erythematosus?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the excessive response to an antigen in hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>A hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an immune response against self-antigens?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the underlying familial predisposition to allergy in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Atopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the degranulation of mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Release of inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Skin allergy (urticaria)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by vascular shock, widespread oedema, and difficulty breathing?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on?

    <p>The immunologic mechanism that causes the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the formation of immune complexes?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disorders of the Immune System

    • There are 3 broad categories of disorders: Hypersensitivity disorders, Autoimmune disorders, and Immunodeficiency.

    Hypersensitivity Disorders

    • Occurs when the body's defense system overreacts to an antigen, leading to excessive inflammation.
    • Classified into 4 types based on the immunologic mechanism that causes the disease.

    Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
    • Caused by IgE antibodies, leading to degranulation of mast cells and release of mediators.
    • Examples: Skin allergy (urticaria), Allergic rhinitis, Food allergies, and Systemic anaphylaxis.

    Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Caused by antibodies that react with antigens present on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix.
    • Leads to destruction of cells, inflammation, or interference with normal functions.
    • Examples: Transfusion reactions, Rhesus incompatibility in pregnant patients, Certain forms of transplant rejection, Glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, and Myasthenia gravis.

    Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction
    • Immune complexes deposit in tissue, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
    • Example: Systemic lupus erythematosus.

    Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Cell-mediated type of hypersensitivity reaction (T cells)
    • Delayed type hypersensitivity: Antigen activates T cells, leading to inflammatory response.
    • Cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Cytotoxic T cells kill antigen-bearing target cells.
    • Examples: Tuberculosis, and viral infection.

    Autoimmune Disease

    • Definition: Immune reaction against self-antigens, resulting in autoantibodies.
    • Loss of self-tolerance leads to autoantibodies, inflammatory response, and tissue damage.
    • May be organ-specific or systemic.

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    Description

    Learn about the 3 broad categories of disorders of the immune system, including hypersensitivity disorders, autoimmune disorders, and immunodeficiency. Understand the classification, mechanisms, and examples of hypersensitivity disorders, and the principles of autoimmunity.

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