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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland within the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland within the endocrine system?
What distinguishes steroid hormones from protein hormones?
What distinguishes steroid hormones from protein hormones?
Which structure serves an antagonistic role to the sympathetic nervous system?
Which structure serves an antagonistic role to the sympathetic nervous system?
During which phase of cellular reproduction does chromosomal crossing over occur?
During which phase of cellular reproduction does chromosomal crossing over occur?
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What triggers the process of ovulation in the female reproductive system?
What triggers the process of ovulation in the female reproductive system?
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Which of the following is a key feature of a reflex arc?
Which of the following is a key feature of a reflex arc?
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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
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Which cellular process is primarily responsible for producing gametes?
Which cellular process is primarily responsible for producing gametes?
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Study Notes
Unit I: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium
- Homeostasis: Dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback, positive feedback
- Endocrine System: Diagram of organs; hormones, their roles, and effects (steroid vs. protein). Importance of pituitary gland (anterior and posterior); how insulin and glucagon work. Hormones related to stress (cortisol). Hormonal imbalances (hyper/hypo-secretion). Comparison of endocrine & nervous systems.
- Nervous System: Two divisions (CNS and PNS). Glial cells and neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons). Structure and function of neurons, myelination, saltatory conduction. Somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Reflex arc. Sodium-potassium pump's role in nerve impulse conduction. Synaptic transmission and neurotransmitters. Brain parts and functions (lobes). Spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (somatic & autonomic, including sympathetic and parasympathetic). Eye's structure and function, visual pathways.
Unit 2: Reproduction and Development
- Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis – its purpose and stages. Meiosis – its purpose and stages. Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis. Cancer. Stem cells. Karyotypes and their uses. Common disorders identified with karyotypes.
- Sexual Reproduction: Importance. Gametogenesis. Fertilization (location). Embryonic development. Male and female reproductive systems (diagrams). Sperm pathway; Ovulation; Female reproductive cycle (hormones, phases). Reproductive technologies (contraceptives).
Unit III: Genetic Continuity
- DNA and Protein Synthesis: DNA composition & structure (chemical analysis, nucleotides). RNA & DNA differences. Replication, transcription & translation. Codon and anticodon. Amino acid sequences, mutation types.
- Genetics: Mendel's pea plants, genes, dominant and recessive traits. Laws of heredity (segregation & principle of dominance), independent assortment. Genotype/phenotype relationships (homozygous/heterozygous, alleles). Punnett squares (monohybrid & dihybrid crosses). Multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, blood types. Pedigrees.
Unit IV: Evolution
- Evolution: Darwin's role and theory of natural selection. Galapagos Islands observations (finches). Natural Selection postulates. Evidence of evolution (homologous & analogous structures, vestigial structures, fossils, fossilization). Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium, genetic variations. Adaptations, selective breeding, descent with modification. Importance of the fossil record.
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Description
Test your knowledge on maintaining dynamic equilibrium in biological systems. This quiz covers homeostasis, the endocrine system, and the nervous system's structure and function. Explore topics like hormones, neurons, and reflex arcs to deepen your understanding of these crucial biological processes.
