Endocrine vs Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Regulate metabolic processes
  • Control muscle contractions
  • Stimulate immune responses
  • Regulate other endocrine glands (correct)

All hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland are involved in regulating other endocrine glands.

False (B)

Which hormone is specifically excluded from regulating other endocrine glands by the anterior pituitary gland?

human growth hormone

The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for releasing all hormones except for __________.

<p>human growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their roles in the endocrine system:

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone = Stimulates the thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone = Stimulates adrenal cortex Luteinizing hormone = Regulates reproductive processes Prolactin = Stimulates milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High levels of cortisol stimulate the release of CRH and ACTH.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the adrenal gland produces androgens?

<p>Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenal androgens are precursors to __________.

<p>estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

<p>Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) = Stimulates ACTH release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) = Stimulates cortisol production Adrenaline (Epinephrine) = Increases heart rate and prepares the body for rapid action Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) = Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the release of adrenal androgens?

<p>ACTH from the anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The release of catecholamines is primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from insufficient production of PTH?

<p>Hypoparathyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response do adrenaline and noradrenaline primarily facilitate?

<p>Fight-or-Flight Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin functions to increase blood calcium levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious complication can arise from severe hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin is produced by the _____ cells of the thyroid gland.

<p>parafollicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glucagon play during fasting?

<p>Stimulates the liver to release stored glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions or functions with their descriptions:

<p>Hypoparathyroidism = Insufficient PTH leading to low calcium levels Calcitonin = Decreases blood calcium levels Tetany = Involuntary muscle contractions Hypercalcaemia = Excessively high blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune response that destroys beta cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoglycaemia and what are its common symptoms?

<p>Hypoglycaemia is a condition where blood glucose levels fall below normal, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and fainting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic hyperglycaemia is a hallmark of ______.

<p>diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the diabetes type with its description:

<p>Type 1 Diabetes = Autoimmune destruction of beta cells Type 2 Diabetes = Insulin resistance leading to high blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily acts to increase blood calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exercise leads to an increase in insulin levels in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

<p>Calcitonin helps to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from bones and promoting calcium excretion by the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions is calcitonin used to treat?

<p>Osteoporosis and Paget's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin deficiency typically results in significant clinical symptoms related to calcium homeostasis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which vitamin D becomes active after synthesis?

<p>Two hydroxylation steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to __________.

<p>sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vitamin D forms with their descriptions:

<p>Vitamin D = Synthesized in skin with sunlight 25-hydroxyvitamin D = Intermediate form produced in the liver Calcitriol = Active form of vitamin D Calcidiol = Converted from vitamin D in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D can only be obtained through dietary sources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for long-term calcium regulation?

<p>PTH (parathyroid hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the first hydroxylation of vitamin D occur?

<p>In the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is converted to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidneys?

<p>Calcidiol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active vitamin D decreases the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of calcitriol in the body?

<p>To increase blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal reabsorption of calcium is promoted by _______ vitamin D.

<p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions of Vitamin D with their descriptions:

<p>Enhances calcium absorption = Increases blood calcium levels Promotes bone mineralization = Ensures adequate calcium and phosphate levels Stimulates renal calcium reabsorption = Conserves calcium in the body PTH regulation = Stimulates conversion of vitamin D in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form?

<p>PTH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D is essential for bone health because it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vitamin D on blood calcium levels?

<p>Increases blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland, except for human growth hormone, that control other endocrine glands.

Regulatory Function of AP Hormones

Anterior Pituitary hormones control the activity of other endocrine glands in the body.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Part of the pituitary gland that releases the hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

Endocrine Glands Regulation

Process of controlling the activities of endocrine glands.

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Pituitary Gland Exception

Human growth hormone is not included in the anterior pituitary hormones that control other endocrine glands.

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HPA Axis

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis; a complex system that controls the release of cortisol.

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Cortisol

A steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex; important for stress response and metabolism.

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Negative Feedback (Cortisol)

High cortisol levels inhibit CRH and ACTH release, reducing cortisol production.

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Adrenal Androgens

Hormones like DHEA produced by the adrenal cortex that play roles in sexual development and puberty.

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ACTH Regulation (Androgens)

The release of adrenal androgens is partly controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

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Catecholamines

A class of hormones (e.g., adrenaline, noradrenaline) involved in the fight-or-flight response.

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Fight-or-Flight Response

Bodily reactions (increased heart rate, etc.) triggered by adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the body to respond to stress.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The branch of the nervous system that controls the release of catecholamines in response to stress.

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Fasting state effect on blood glucose

During fasting, blood glucose levels drop, triggering glucagon release to maintain levels.

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Exercise effect on glucagon

Exercise decreases insulin levels, and increases glucagon to supply muscles with energy.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune condition where the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells.

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Type 2 Diabetes

Condition of insulin resistance; cells don't respond effectively to insulin, leading to high blood glucose.

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Hypoglycemia symptoms

Low blood sugar, causing dizziness, confusion, and fainting.

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Hyperglycemia cause

High blood sugar, often due to inadequate insulin action.

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PTH location

Parathyroid hormone is produced by the four parathyroid glands on the thyroid.

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PTH function

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is involved in calcium homeostasis.

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Hypoparathyroidism

A condition where the parathyroid glands don't produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia).

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Hypocalcemia

A medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.

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Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Muscle cramps, tetany (involuntary muscle contractions), and potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.

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Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels.

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Calcitonin's Function

To decrease blood calcium levels when they are too high (hypercalcemia).

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Vitamin D Activation

The process of converting inactive vitamin D (calcidiol) to its active form (calcitriol) in the kidneys.

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Calcitriol Function

Calcitriol increases blood calcium levels by enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines.

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Vitamin D and Bone Health

Vitamin D promotes strong bones by ensuring adequate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.

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Vitamin D and Renal Calcium

Vitamin D helps conserve calcium by promoting its reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Role

PTH stimulates the conversion of inactive vitamin D to calcitriol in the kidneys, particularly when blood calcium is low.

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What does calcitriol do?

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines.

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How does Vitamin D contribute to bone health?

Vitamin D ensures sufficient calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, promoting bone mineralization.

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How does Vitamin D impact renal calcium reabsorption?

Vitamin D helps conserve calcium by encouraging its reabsorption in the kidneys, preventing calcium loss.

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Calcitonin's Role

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption (breakdown) and promoting calcium deposition in bones.

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Calcitonin's Use

Calcitonin is used as a medication to treat conditions where excessive bone resorption occurs, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease.

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Calcitonin Deficiency

Calcitonin deficiency usually doesn't cause significant clinical symptoms because other hormones like PTH and vitamin D have more dominant roles in calcium regulation.

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Vitamin D Source

Vitamin D is obtained from dietary sources and synthesized in the skin through exposure to sunlight (UVB radiation).

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Active Vitamin D

Vitamin D undergoes two hydroxylation steps to become active: first in the liver, creating calcidiol, and then in the kidneys, forming calcitriol.

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First Hydroxylation

The initial hydroxylation step of vitamin D occurs in the liver, converting it to calcidiol.

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Calcidiol

The inactive form of vitamin D after the first hydroxylation step in the liver, also known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

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Second Hydroxylation

The final hydroxylation step of vitamin D occurs in the kidneys, converting calcidiol to calcitriol (active vitamin D).

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Study Notes

Endocrine System vs Nervous System

  • The nervous system uses electrical signals (action potentials) and chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) to act rapidly (milliseconds to seconds).
  • The endocrine system utilizes chemical signals (hormones) transported through the bloodstream to act more slowly (seconds to days).
  • The nervous system coordinates immediate responses like reflexes, while the endocrine system controls long-term processes such as growth and development.
  • The two systems function together to maintain homeostasis.

Coordination of Homeostasis

  • Cellular activities are coordinated system-wide.
  • The nervous system innervates a fraction of body cells with specific, short-lived commands.
  • The endocrine system provides long-term coordination for processes like growth and reproduction.

Similarities

  • Both systems utilize chemical messengers.
  • Both systems communicate with target tissues via receptors.

Differences

  • Nervous system: Nerve impulses for local effects and fast, short-term actions.
  • Endocrine system: Hormones travel in the bloodstream for broad, longer-term effects.

Review

  • Nervous System: Direct message delivery to effector targets via nerves; rapid, short-lasting responses.
  • Endocrine System: Indirect message delivery via blood; slow, long-lasting responses.
  • Both systems use chemical messengers; responses aim for homeostasis, and the signals must bind to cellular receptors.

Classes of Hormones

  • Hormones are bloodborne chemical messengers.
  • Water-soluble hormones (e.g., insulin, adrenaline) bind to cell surface receptors, triggering a second messenger system.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones (e.g., steroid hormones) cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, directly influencing gene expression.
  • Receptors are specialized proteins that bind hormones.
  • Responsiveness to hormones depends on hormone concentration, receptor abundance, and other hormones' influence.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

  • The hypothalamus is a vital connection point between the nervous and endocrine systems.
  • It releases hormones that control the pituitary gland.
  • The pituitary gland is the "master gland" and regulates various bodily functions, including growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
  • The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus (ADH, oxytocin).
  • The anterior pituitary gland releases tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Adrenal Gland

  • Located atop each kidney, has two main regions: cortex and medulla.
  • Adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and androgens (DHEA).
  • Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance and water.
  • Glucocorticoids manage stress response and metabolism.
  • Androgens are precursors to sex hormones.
  • Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), crucial for the "fight-or-flight" response.

Pancreas

  • The pancreas contains endocrine (Islets of Langerhans) and exocrine (acinar cells) tissues.
  • Islets of Langerhans produce insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose).
  • Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide also contribute to blood glucose regulation.

PTH, Calcitonin, and Vitamin D

  • These hormones regulate calcium homeostasis.
  • PTH (parathyroid hormone) increases blood calcium levels through bone resorption, kidney reabsorption, and vitamin D activation.
  • Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing calcium excretion.
  • Vitamin D (calcitriol) is essential for calcium absorption from the intestines.

Endocrine System Alterations across Lifespan

  • Significant changes in hormone secretion and regulation throughout life.
  • Growth hormone and thyroid hormones are vital during infancy and childhood.
  • Puberty is a period of crucial hormone shifts.
  • Adulthood experiences relatively stable hormone levels, but with potential declines related to age.
  • Menopause and andropause are associated with significant hormonal shifts in women and men, respectively.

Workshop Questions (examples)

  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, regulating hormone release, and controlling the endocrine response to stress (e.g., Cushing's disease).
  • Iodine deficiency leads to hypothyroidism, characterized by decreased T3 and T4 production, impacting metabolic processes and resulting in symptoms such as goiter.

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Related Documents

Module 2 — Endocrine System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the differences and similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems. This quiz covers various functions, coordination of homeostasis, and their roles in the body. Challenge yourself and learn how these two systems work together to maintain balance.

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