Biology 12 Exam Outline - Jan 2025 PDF

Biology 12 Exam Outline – January 2025 The structure of the exam will loosely follow the same format as the tests we have done, but covers the whole Bio 12 curriculum- multiple choice and then a variety of short answer, broken up by unit. Unit I- Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium Homeostasis-dynami...

Biology 12 Exam Outline – January 2025 The structure of the exam will loosely follow the same format as the tests we have done, but covers the whole Bio 12 curriculum- multiple choice and then a variety of short answer, broken up by unit. Unit I- Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium Homeostasis-dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback, positive feedback- Endocrine System- diagram- identify all organs of system and what hormones they control, all the hormones do- where they go and the effects of all of them, steroid and protein hormones and the differences of each, importance of the pituitary gland- anterior and posterior, how the endocrine system works- ductless- released into blood, how insulin and glucagon work, hormones involved with stress situations, cortisol importance, hyper and hypo-secretions of hormones- what do they cause, goiters, comparing how the endocrine and nervous system work to control homeostasis Nervous system- 2 divisions- CNS and PNS, glial cells and neurons, 3 types of neurons- sensory, motor and interneurons, effectors structure of neurons- label a diagram, functions of each part, myelinated vs. unmyelinated neurons- which is faster, saltatory conduction, somatic and autonomic nervous system, reflex arc, all or none response, sodium potassium pump- how it works, what it does, conduction of a nerve impulse along a neuron- resting state of a neuron, polarization, hyperpolarization, refractory period, structure of a synapse, message transmission across a synapse, neurotransmitters, Brain- parts and function, including the lobes, diagram, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system- somatic (sensory and motor) and autonomic( sympathetic and parasympathetic) and how these affect organs and are antagonistic) Eye- parts and functions of eye, diagram, how we see Unit 2- Reproduction and Development Cellular Reproduction Mitosis- what it is, what it is used for, the stages, diagrams , meiosis—what it is, what it is used for, the stages, the diagrams, Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis, Cancer- what it is, causes, Stem cells- what they are, Karyotypes- what they are, why they are used, common disorders that are identified with karyotypes Sexual Reproduction Why it is important, Gametogenesis, Fertilization- what it is and where it takes place, embryonic development, male and female reproductive systems – diagrams, structures and functions , pathway of sperm from where it is made to where it fertilizes an egg, Female reproductive system -hormones, 4 phases of menstrual cycle, ovulation, technology affecting reproduction- contraceptives types and how they work Unit III- Genetic Continuity DNA and protein synthesis- what is DNA- composition and structure, chemical analysis of RNA, differences between RNA and DNA, nucleotides, Watson and Crick, purines, pyrimidines, replication, transcription, translation, where they all take place, codon, anticodon, complementary pairings- Be able to code for replication, transcription, and determine amino acid sequences, mutation types Genetics- what is it, Mendel and his peas, genes, dominant and recessive, laws of heredity the law of segregation and principle of dominance, independent assortment, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, genes, punnett square, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex linked traits, blood types, pedigrees-perform punnett squares and write phenotype and genotype ratios Unit IV. Evolution - Information from the slide show and from your assignments Evolution - What evolution is, Darwin’s role in evolution and the theory of natural selection, his time on the galapagos islands, his observations, including the finches, his conclusions, what is natural selection and his 5 postulates of his theory, evidence for evolution, homologous structures and analogous structures (convergent evolution), Vestigial structures, fossils and fossilization, 2 models of evolution- gradualism and punctuated equilibrium,, What causes genetic variations or changes, adaptations, selective breeding, descent with modification, importance of the fossil record