Biology Chapter: Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  • To maintain homeostasis of the internal environment
  • To regulate metabolic rates
  • To control hormonal secretions
  • To transmit information rapidly between specific locations (correct)

How does the body respond when the temperature increases above the set point?

  • Nerve impulses increase to generate more heat
  • The thermostat activates the immune system
  • Blood vessels in the skin constrict and shivering occurs
  • Sweating is activated and blood vessels in the skin dilate (correct)

What triggers the response mechanism in homeostasis?

  • A stimulus detected by a sensor (correct)
  • A fluctuation in water levels
  • The activation of muscles
  • A change in hormone levels

What happens to the thermostat in the hypothalamus when body temperature decreases?

<p>It turns on warming mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common set point for normal body temperature?

<p>36–38°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neurons in nervous tissue?

<p>To transmit nerve impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do glial cells function in nervous tissue?

<p>They support and protect neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the action of the endocrine system?

<p>Transmission of signals through blood via hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intercalated disks play in the heart?

<p>They connect cardiac muscle cells for synchronized contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a nerve impulse differ from hormonal signaling?

<p>Nerve impulses are direct and localized, while hormones are slower and widespread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the response time of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

<p>Slow and long-lasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT typically associated with neurons?

<p>Intercalated disks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hormone signaling and nerve signaling?

<p>Hormones are released into blood and travel far, while nerve signals are specific and rapid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a regulator and a conformer in animal physiology?

<p>Conformers can regulate some internal conditions. (B), Regulators use internal mechanisms to control body functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes animals with a relatively constant body temperature?

<p>Homeothermy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation helps trap warm air close to the body in temperature regulation?

<p>Insulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows for heat transfer through liquids and gases during temperature regulation?

<p>Convection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals typically exhibit poikilothermy?

<p>Lizards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Countercurrent exchange is an adaptation in which blood flow does what?

<p>Carries heat in opposing directions to maintain temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fish primarily regulate solute concentration in their blood?

<p>As osmoregulators through active transport. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a method of temperature regulation in animals?

<p>Subcutaneous storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation involves losing heat through the evaporation of water from the skin?

<p>Evaporative heat loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What special ability does the Opah (moonfish) utilize to maintain its body temperature?

<p>Counter-current heat exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five adaptations for temperature regulation?

<p>Chemical adaptations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermogenesis primarily associated with?

<p>Hormonal effects on mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do counter-current exchanges benefit certain fish such as tuna?

<p>Enhancing swimming speed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods do animals use to adjust their temperature behaviorally?

<p>Positioning themselves relative to the sun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does insulation play in temperature regulation in animals?

<p>Reduces heat loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary characteristic of non-shivering thermogenesis?

<p>Heat production in brown fat cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique adaptation do icefish have to survive in frigid Antarctic waters?

<p>They have antifreeze proteins in their bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about homeostasis is true?

<p>Homeostasis can vary due to regulated and cyclic changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs roughly every 24 hours?

<p>Circadian rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the blood of icefish characterized?

<p>It is nearly transparent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of melatonin concentration in the body from noon to midnight?

<p>It gradually decreases until midnight. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of connective tissue?

<p>To bind and support other tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological process is most likely affected by the circadian rhythm?

<p>Hormone secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue type is primarily responsible for movement?

<p>Muscle tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which time of day is cardiac arrest risk considered highest?

<p>Noon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body's core temperature change from 6 PM to midnight?

<p>It gradually decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between anatomy and physiology?

<p>Anatomy refers to the biological form of organisms, while physiology refers to the biological functions they perform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is NOT primarily aimed at increasing surface area for exchange in complex organisms?

<p>Thick, multilayered epithelial tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary types of tissue found in animals?

<p>Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue provides strength and flexibility?

<p>Collagen fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body organization structure in animals, from simplest to most complex?

<p>Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is homeostasis primarily maintained in living organisms?

<p>By maintaining a constant internal environment despite external changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Invertebrates often utilize which adaptation for nutrient and gas exchange?

<p>A saclike body plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily affects the rate of exchange for cellular materials?

<p>Surface area available for exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial tissue is characterized by closely joined cells?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue?

<p>Supports and binds other tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily fills the spaces between cells in vertebrates for material exchange?

<p>Interstitial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convergent evolution among animals leads to what outcome?

<p>Similar adaptations to environmental stressors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body system is NOT typically directly involved in maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Musculoskeletal system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in an organism, regardless of external changes.

Nerve

A specialized cell that transmits electrical signals throughout the body.

Nerve Impulse

The electrical signal that travels along a nerve.

Stimulus

Any change in the environment that is detected by a sensor and triggers a response.

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Response

An action taken by an organism to maintain homeostasis, often triggered by a stimulus.

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Anatomy

The study of the structure of an organism or any of its parts.

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Physiology

The study of the functions of an organism or any of its parts.

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Adaptation

The process by which an organism adjusts to new conditions, such as temperature changes.

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Levels of Organization

Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organ systems. This organizational hierarchy is essential for complex multicellular organisms.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The rate of exchange of nutrients and wastes between an organism and its environment is proportional to the surface area of the organism, while the amount of material to be exchanged is proportional to the volume of the organism.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that lines the surface of the body, organs, and cavities. Its function is protection, secretion, and absorption.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that binds and supports other tissues. It consists of cells scattered in an extracellular matrix.

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Collagenous Fiber

A type of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility.

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Reticular Fiber

A type of connective tissue that connects connective tissue to other tissues.

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Elastic Fiber

A type of connective tissue that can stretch and snap back to its original length.

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Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue responsible for body movement. It consists of fibers of actin and myosin proteins.

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Skeletal Muscle

A type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movement.

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Smooth Muscle

A type of muscle tissue that is found in the walls of internal organs and is responsible for involuntary movement.

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Cardiac Muscle

A type of muscle tissue that is found only in the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

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Neurons (Nerve Cells)

Specialized cells responsible for transmitting nerve impulses in the nervous system.

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Glial Cells (Glia)

Cells that support and protect neurons, providing essential nutrients and insulation.

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Intercalated Disks

Relays nerve impulses between cells in cardiac muscle, allowing for synchronized contractions.

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Endocrine System

The system that uses hormones as chemical messengers to regulate bodily functions, often over long distances.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

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Nervous System

The system that uses nerve impulses as electrical signals to transmit information rapidly and specifically to target cells.

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Nerve Impulse Transmission

The process by which the nervous system transmits information along nerve cells.

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Synapse

The specialized junction between neurons where nerve impulses are passed from one cell to another.

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Regulator (Endothermy)

Internal mechanisms regulate body temperature, typically maintaining a stable internal temperature.

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Conformer (Ectothermy)

External factors determine body temperature, allowing temperature to fluctuate with the environment.

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Homeothermy

The body temperature is relatively constant.

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Poikilothermy

The body temperature fluctuates with the environment.

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Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

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Convection

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases).

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Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact between objects.

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How tuna generate heat

The tuna has a high metabolic rate that produces heat, allowing it to maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water.

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Counter-current exchange

A system where blood vessels carrying warm blood run close to vessels carrying cold blood, allowing heat transfer.

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Opah's heat generation

The moonfish, or opah, generates heat in its swim muscles and uses this heat to warm its heart and brain.

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Insulation

A layer of fat or fur that helps insulate the body and prevent heat loss.

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Circulatory adaptations

The ability of an organism to change the flow of blood to different parts of the body to regulate temperature.

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Evaporative heat loss

The loss of heat through the evaporation of water from the skin. This is how we cool down by sweating or panting.

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Behavioral adaptations

These are actions animals take to regulate their temperature, like basking in the sun, burrowing, or huddling together for warmth.

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Changing Homeostasis Set Points

The set points for homeostasis can change under various circumstances, such as during puberty, pregnancy, or as part of a circadian rhythm.

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Regulated Homeostasis

A type of change in homeostasis that is regulated by internal mechanisms, such as hormones or the nervous system. These changes are often long-term and involve adjustments to the body's physiology.

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Cyclic Homeostasis

A type of change in homeostasis that occurs in a cyclical pattern, usually following a 24-hour cycle. Examples include sleep-wake cycles, body temperature fluctuations, and hormone release.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Its levels rise at night and fall during the day, influencing our feelings of drowsiness and alertness.

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Core Body Temperature

The internal body temperature of a warm-blooded animal, which is maintained relatively constant regardless of the external environment.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
  • Discuss adaptations for increasing surface area
  • Explain the relationships among tissues, organs, and organ systems
  • Identify the four types of tissue
  • Differentiate between different connective tissue fibers, muscle tissue types, and components of nervous tissue
  • Define homeostasis and describe its maintenance
  • Discuss the five adaptations for temperature regulation

Animal Form and Function

  • Animals need nutrients, oxygen, and ways to fight infection and produce offspring.
  • Body plans vary but are limited by physical laws determining strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange.
  • Form (anatomy) refers to the biological shape of an organism; function (physiology) describes the biological functions performed by an organism.

Exchange with Environment

  • Nutrients, gases, and wastes move across cell membranes.
  • Exchange rate is proportional to surface area, while the amount of exchanged material is proportional to volume (surface area/volume).
  • Single-celled organisms have enough surface area to exchange materials.
  • Multicellular organisms with sac-like body plans have thin body walls allowing efficient diffusion.
  • Flat animals' cells directly contact the environment for optimal exchange.
  • Complex organisms have adaptations to increase surface area (e.g., complex internal systems).

Organization of Animal Bodies

  • Animal bodies consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
  • Tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous) have different structures based on their function.
  • Epithelial tissue lines surfaces of organs and body cavities.
  • Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues. Its matrix contains collagen (strong and flexible), reticular (connects tissues), and elastic (stretches and recoils) fibers.
  • Examples of connective tissue include loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, blood, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue.
  • Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and is made of actin and myosin fibers. Types include skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart).
  • Nervous tissue receives, transmits, and processes information using neurons (transmit nerve impulses) and glial cells (support neurons).

Animal Physiology

  • Control and coordination in animals depend on endocrine and nervous systems.
  • The endocrine system transmits chemical signals (hormones) throughout the body via blood. These are slow-acting but long-lasting.
  • The nervous system transmits information between specific locations very quickly.
  • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment regardless of the external environment.
  • Fluctuations above or below a set point trigger responses to return to the set point.
  •  Temperature regulation is achieved via homeostasis.

Temperature Regulation

  • Animals use several adaptations to regulate temperature including insulation.
    • Insulation by hair, feathers, and fat/blubber traps warm air next to the body.
  • Circulatory adaptations—regulation of blood flow near the surface (vasodilation and vasoconstriction).
    • The countercurrent exchange in the circulatory system is used by some animals to transfer heat from fluids moving in opposite directions.
  • Evaporative heat loss—heat loss by evaporation of water (i.e. sweating/panting).
  • Behavioral adaptations—animals position themselves in relation to the sun, or huddle together for warmth.
  • Adjusting metabolic heat production (thermogenesis)—increased muscle activity and hormones stimulating the mitochondria to produce heat. Ex: shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, brown fat cells.
  • Animals have different adaptations to regulate body temperature.

Additional Information

  • Homeotherms maintain a relatively constant body temperature.
  • Poikilotherms have a fluctuating body temperature.
  • Some animals regulate only some internal conditions, others regulate all internal conditions. Examples include fish regulating temperature and solute concentration.
  • Unique strategies such as the antifreeze proteins in icefish help them survive in cold environments.
  • Circadian rhythms are daily physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours. Examples include variation in core body and melatonin concentration in blood.

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BIOL 204 Lecture 32-Animal Form & Function PDF

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Test your knowledge on the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems. Explore topics such as homeostasis, neuron function, and the differences between nerve impulses and hormonal signaling. This quiz covers essential concepts from the biology curriculum.

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