Biology Study Guide Quiz

Exam Information

• The exam will be a mixture of multiple-choice and short-answer questions.
• Short answers will typically require one sentence.
• The exam will cover the entire allotted time period.

Resources for Studying

• Review videos from Amoeba Sisters, Bozeman Science, Crash Course, and Khan Academy.
• Review study guides and analysis packets to assess understanding.
• Utilize Quizlets and Mastering Biology videos.
• Use AP Classroom videos and questions.

Study Skills

• Work through blank analysis packets, checking answers.
• Collaborate with a study partner to clarify concepts, and develop alternative methods.
• Create note guides, focusing on unclear aspects.
• Use the textbook's vocabulary flashcards (or Quizlets) to reinforce key terms.
• Explain the material to oneself or others for deeper understanding.

Group Goals

• Create a study guide with concepts, terms, and diagrams.
• Comparisons are helpful (e.g., active vs. passive immunity).
• Indicate difficulty scores for each chapter (1 to 3), with 1 representing fewer questions.

Experimental Design

• Independent Variable: Factor being tested.
• Dependent Variable: Measures the response to the IV.
• Control Variables: Factors kept constant.
• Experimental Group: Receives experimental treatment.
• Control Group: Used for comparison.
• Negative Control: Placebo; no treatment.
• Trials: Number of repetitions.

Basic Chemistry

• Four most common elements: C, H, O, N.
• Energy levels of electrons: High/low shells are closer/further from the nucleus.
• Chemical bonds: Single, double, etc., based on electrons shared.
• Electronegativity: An atom's attraction for electrons in a chemical bond.
• Polar vs. Nonpolar bonds: Polar bonds have unequal sharing; Nonpolar bonds have equal sharing of electrons.
• Molecular shape affects function.
• Hydrogen bonds: Form through partially negative/positive charges (e.g., hydrogen is partially positive, oxygen is partially negative).

Water

• Cohesion: Attraction of like molecules.
• Adhesion: Attraction of unlike molecules.
• Capillary Action: Liquid flow in narrow tubes due to cohesion and adhesion.
• Surface Tension: Liquid's resistance to rupture from cohesion.
• Specific Heat: Amount of heat required to change water's temperature.
• Evaporative Cooling: Heat carried away when water evaporates.

Carbon Compounds

• Isomers: Molecules with the same formula, but different atom arrangement.
• Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms (e.g., Hydroxyl -OH; Carboxyl -COOH; Amino -NH2; Sulfhydryl -SH; Phosphate -PO4).
• Each functional group has specific properties that affect the behavior of the molecule.

Structure and Function of Biological Molecules

• Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are macromolecules.
• Focus on building block structures, polymers, and dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis.
• Understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function.
• Understand anabolic vs. catabolic pathways, their definitions, and the significance of metabolism.

Cell Types & Parts

• Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes.
• Plant vs. Animal cells.
• Understand functions of each cell part (cytoplasm, nucleus, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles).
• Surface area to volume ratio implications for cells.
• Mitochondria vs. chloroplast comparison.

Membrane Structure & Cellular Transport

• Cell membrane composition (phospholipids, two protein types).
• Protein functions in cell membranes (transport, signal transduction, etc.).
• Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration.
• Types of transport proteins (channel & carrier).

Intro to Metabolism

• Enzymatic reactions: lock-and-key model.
• Enzyme effects of temperature, shape, pH, and chemicals.
• Exergonic vs. Endergonic reactions.
• Catabolic vs. Anabolic pathways.
• Role of ATP.
• Competitive vs noncompetitive inhibitors.

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

• Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation steps, and locations, of cellular respiration.
• Alcoholic vs. Lactic acid fermentation.
• Significance of oxygen.

Photosynthesis

• Thylakoids, stroma, and grana.
• Light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
• Role of pigments.
• Photosystem I vs Photosystem II processes.
• Chemical equation.

Cell Communication

• Ligand-receptor interactions.
• Signal transduction pathway steps.
• Types of cell signaling (autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine).
• Protein Kinase vs. Phosphatase function.

Cell Cycle, Meiosis & Sexual Life Cycles

• Cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M).
• Mitosis vs. Meiosis.
• Importance of meiosis in genetic variation.
• Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, haploid vs. diploid.

Endocrine System/Hormones

• Information about glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas).
• How lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble hormones interact with cells.
• Endocrine signaling.
• Blood Glucose regulation.

Nervous System

• Neuron structures.
• Signal transmission mechanisms (electrical signaling using ions, action potential).
• Sensory receptors & transduction of stimuli (hearing, sight).
• Types of receptor cells, including taste and smell.
• Motor function in muscle contraction.

Additional Information

• Information on exams is provided in the document, which should guide which chapters are essential.

This quiz will assess your understanding of key concepts and terms in biology, utilizing various resources and study techniques. You'll encounter a mix of multiple-choice and short-answer questions aimed at reinforcing your knowledge. Collaborate with peers and review important materials to prepare effectively.