Biology Quiz: Key Terms in Genetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the chromosome composition of a fertilized human egg?

Tetraploid

Diploid (correct)

Haploid

Triploid

Which of the following best describes nondisjunction?

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis (correct)

Cell division without DNA replication

Nuclear material dividing evenly between two cells

A process leading to the formation of identical twins

In meiosis, when does DNA replication take place?

After Meiosis II

Before Meiosis I (correct)

During Meiosis II

During Meiosis I

What condition can result from nondisjunction during meiosis?

Turner's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which gamete determines the sex of a human offspring?

Sperm Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dominance is observed in AB blood type?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosomes are involved in determining the sex of an individual?

Sex chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What describes the products of meiosis II?

Four haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected percentage of offspring that will have a recessive genotype when crossing a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent?

0% Signup and view all the answers

How many different gamete combinations can be produced from a parent with the genotype RrEe?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of the parents RrEe and RREe having a child with the genotype Rree?

1/8 Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles for a gene does a single chromosome carry?

One Signup and view all the answers

Which blood types are considered to be recessive?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inheritance, what is the F1 generation?

The first generation of offspring from a cross Signup and view all the answers

Which of Mendel's laws states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation?

Law of Independent Assortment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of transgenic organisms?

They contain DNA from different species Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells?

Adult stem cells have limited differentiation potential compared to embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for creating a transgenic organism using a plasmid?

Gene cloning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Key Terms

Diploid (2n): A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
Haploid (n): A cell containing one set of chromosomes.
Germ cell: Specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
Homologous chromosomes: Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. They carry the same genes, although not necessarily the same alleles.
(n): Haploid number of chromosomes
(2n): Diploid number of chromosomes
Autosome: Non-sex chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine sex (e.g., X and Y in humans).
Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
Crossing over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Karyotype: A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes arranged by size and shape.
Allele: Different versions of a gene.
Polyploid: Having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes, often resulting from mistakes during meiosis.
Gametogenesis: The process of producing gametes.
Spermatogenesis: Gametogenesis in males, producing sperm cells.
Oogenesis: Gametogenesis in females, producing egg cells.
Inversion: A chromosomal rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome is reversed.

Cell Types and Meiosis

Haploid cells: Gametes (sperm and egg cells).
Diploid cells: All body cells except gametes.
Fertilized egg: Diploid (zygote).
Meiosis I: Prophase I (homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over), Metaphase I (homologous pairs line up), Anaphase I (homologous chromosomes separate), Telophase I (two haploid daughter cells forming).
Meiosis II: Proceeds like mitosis (sister chromatids separate).
Meiosis I products: Two haploid cells.
Meiosis II products: Four haploid cells.
Sexual reproduction and genetic variability: Crossing over and independent assortment of homologues create unique combinations of alleles in gametes. Fertilization then randomly combines these unique gametes to form a zygote with new gene combinations.

Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Human zygote chromosomes: 46
Male sex chromosomes: XY
Female sex chromosomes: XX
DNA replication in meiosis: Occurs before meiosis I.
Nondisjunction effect: Produces gametes with abnormal number of chromosomes. This leads to zygotes with an abnormal chromosome number leading to potential developmental issues or abnormalities.
Cytokinesis products in meiosis I: Two haploid daughter cells.
Cytokinesis products in meiosis II: Four haploid daughter cells.

Genetic Variability, Karyotypes, and Diseases

Genetic variability in meiosis: Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.
Genetic variability during fertilization: Random fusion of male gametes with maternal gametes.
Karyotype characteristics: Chromosome size,banding pattern, centromere position.
Nondisjunction diseases example: Down syndrome (trisomy 21).
Gametogenesis products: Spermatogenesis produces 4 haploid sperm cells; Oogenesis produces 1 functional haploid egg and 3 polar bodies.

Meiosis Timing and Sex Determination

Meiosis timeline differences (sperm vs egg): Spermatogenesis is continuous; oogenesis is paused until puberty and again until fertilization.
Y chromosome and sex determination: The presence of a Y chromosome triggers a cascade of events leading to male development.

Alternation of Generations

Alternation of generations: A life cycle that alternates between a multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte).

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Similarities: Both are types of cell division.
Differences: Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells for growth and repair, Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells for sexual reproduction. Crossing over occurs in Meiosis.

Mutations and Inheritance

Mutation location for inheritance: Mutations in germ cells can be passed to offspring; Somatic cells do not affect offspring.
Sex determining gamete: Male gametes (sperm).

Disorders and Syndromes

Turner's Syndrome: XO genotype (missing an X chromosome).
Identical twins: Result from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos.

Mendelian Genetics

(Note: "Chapter 10" in the question set implies additional details. This portion is expanded upon below):*

Monohybrid Cross

Genes involved: One.
Parental genotypes: Example: Aa x Aa (heterozygous).

Dihybrid Cross

Genes involved: Two.
Parental genotypes: Example: RrYy x RrYy (heterozygous for two traits)

Basic Genetic Terms

Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene.
Dominant trait: Trait expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.
Recessive trait: Trait expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.
Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism.
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
Linked genes: Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.
Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
Wild type: The most common type of a trait seen in a population.
Mutant: An altered version of a gene.
Carrier: An individual who carries a recessive allele but does not express the trait.
Locus: Location of a gene on a chromosome.
Polygenic trait: Trait determined by multiple genes (e.g., height, skin color).
Pedigree: A family tree that tracks the inheritance of a particular trait.

Dominance Types

Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes (e.g., AB blood type).
Simple dominance: One allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g., tall/short).
Incomplete dominance: Heterozygotes exhibit an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., pink snapdragons).

Punnett Squares (R-dominant, r-recessive)

Specific percentages for each cross must be calculated given the parental genotypes.

Generations in Mendelian Genetics

P generation: Parental generation.
F1 generation: First filial generation— offspring of the parents.

Multiple Genes Cross (RrEe x RREe)

Calculations for the specific cross should be shown using a Punnett Square. Numbers of combinations will vary depending on the parents' alleles. The number of gamete combinations is determined by the heterozygous allele combinations present in the parent(s).

Mendelian Laws

The specific laws need to be defined from the text provided.

Autosomal vs. X-Linked Traits

Autosomal trait: Trait is located on an autosome..
X-linked trait: Trait is located on the X chromosome.
Males and X-linked traits: Males express all traits on their X chromosome as they only have one copy of it.

Blood Types

Genotypes for blood types: Must be defined from the text provided.
Dominance in blood types: The specific dominance pattern is outlined in the text.

Pedigree Disorders Frequency and Sex Involvement

Autosomal recessive: Both males and females are affected, with equal frequency and the trait will skip generations.
Autosomal dominant: Both males and females are affected, with equal frequency, but the trait appears in every generation.
X-linked recessive: More males are affected, trait often skips generations.
X-linked dominant: Less common than X-linked recessive and both males and females are affected, but with varying frequencies and the trait appears in every generation.

Chapter 11: Biotechnology

Transgenic organism: An organism that has had a gene from another organism inserted into its genome.
Bacterial plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that can be used as a vector to carry foreign DNA.
Recombinant DNA: DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of combining DNA from different sources.
Restriction enzymes: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Testing embryos for genetic defects before implantation.
Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various cell types.
Stem cell locations: Embryos, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood.
Embryonic cells: Stem cells derived from embryos.
Embryonic vs. adult stem cells: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can differentiate into all cell types), while adult stem cells are multipotent.
DNA primer: Short single-stranded DNA sequences that initiate DNA synthesis.
DNA probe: A molecule that binds to a specific DNA sequence.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Technique to amplify DNA sequences exponentially.
Electrophoresis: Technique to separate DNA fragments based on size.
CRISPR-Cas9 technology: Gene editing technology.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer: Cloning technique.
DNA profiling: Identifying individuals using unique DNA patterns.
Short tandem repeats and DNA profiling: DNA sequences that repeat multiple times in a row and are unique to individual organisms.
Cloning vector insertion in transgenic organisms: Transfection (direct uptake). Infection with viruses.
Transgenic organism creation using plasmids: Ligation step to insert DNA, Transformation to introduce to host and Selection/screening for expression.
Super weed creation: Transferring herbicide resistance genes to weeds via biotechnology.
Cloning part of the cell: Nucleus of the somatic cell.

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Description

This quiz focuses on essential genetic terminology, including diploid and haploid cells, germ cells, chromosomes, and processes such as nondisjunction and crossing over. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts that are critical for studying genetics and heredity.