Biology Exam Review: Diversity Of Living Things
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

  • Ability to fly (correct)
  • Reproduce
  • Use and need energy
  • Made of cells

    • Biodiversity is defined as the variety of species found in a particular ecosystem.

    False

    Who is responsible for developing a classification system based on structural similarity?

    Carolus Linnaeus

    The process in which individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce is called ___.

    <p>natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classification systems with their originators:

    <p>Binomial nomenclature = Carolus Linnaeus Two-group system = Aristotle Ecological diversity = Modern biology Taxonomy = Carl Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a threat to biodiversity?

    <p>Overpopulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hybrids are offspring that are produced from two animals and are often fertile.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three levels of biodiversity?

    <p>Genetic biodiversity, species diversity, ecological diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The survival and reproduction of organisms that are best suited to their environment is part of ___ theory.

    <p>Darwin's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about zorses is true?

    <p>They are offspring of a zebra and a horse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason viruses are classified as non-living particles?

    <p>They cannot perform required life processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriophages can invade and destroy human cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a virus that follows the lytic cycle.

    <p>common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A virus incorporates its genetic material into the host cell's genome during the ______ cycle.

    <p>lysogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a virus with their descriptions:

    <p>Nucleic Acid = Contains genetic material Capsid = Protein coat surrounding the virus Envelope = Outer layer that can help the virus enter host cells Virus = A microscopic particle requiring a host cell to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the host cell during the lytic cycle?

    <p>It is destroyed by the viral replication process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viral DNA can remain dormant in the host cell for a short period of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size characteristics of viruses compared to other biological agents?

    <p>Less than 0.1 micrometres in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a greater similarity in DNA sequences between two species indicate?

    <p>They recently shared a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cladistics relies on shared and derived characters to classify organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amniotes?

    <p>Reptiles, birds, and mammals grouped together based on their embryological structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A feature that evolved only within the group under consideration is called a __________ character.

    <p>derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Shared Characters = Features common to all members of a group Derived Characters = Features unique to a specific group Cladistics = Method of classifying based on evolutionary innovations Amniotes = Group consisting of reptiles, birds, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the highest level of classification?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific name of an organism consists of two words, with both words capitalized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogeny refer to?

    <p>The evolutionary history of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mnemonic for the eight levels of classification is: Did King Phillip Come Over For Good __________.

    <p>Spaghetti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of structures to their correct descriptions:

    <p>Homologous Structures = Similar due to common ancestry Analogous Structures = Similar in function but not in ancestry Vestigial Structures = Reduced in size and leftover from evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two domains consist of single-cellular organisms?

    <p>Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukarya contains only single-cellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first level in the hierarchy of biological classification?

    <p>Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by more similar DNA sequences between two species?

    <p>They recently shared a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shared derived characters provide weak evidence of common ancestry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe characteristics that evolve only within a specific group of organisms?

    <p>derived characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The group that includes reptiles, birds, and mammals is referred to as _______.

    <p>amniotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of characters with their descriptions:

    <p>Shared Characters = A feature that all members of the group have in common Derived Characters = A feature that evolved only within the group under consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered domains in modern classification?

    <p>Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three domains of life include Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea, with Bacteria and Archaea being multicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the evolutionary history of an organism?

    <p>Phylogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linnaeus's system of classification was primarily based on the ________ of different species.

    <p>morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structural types with their descriptions:

    <p>Homologous Structures = Structures in different species that are similar due to shared ancestry. Analogous Structures = Structures in different species that are similar in function but not in origin. Vestigial Structures = Structures that are reduced in size and appear to be leftover from a previous evolutionary stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific name of an organism always consists of two words, with both words capitalized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mnemonic used to remember the eight levels of biological classification?

    <p>Did King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a level of classification?

    <p>Ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms contains prokaryotic organisms?

    <p>Eubacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All kingdoms in the domain Eukarya are unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition do autotrophs rely on?

    <p>They rely on making their own food, typically through processes like photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is an organism that gets its food from other organisms.

    <p>heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Eubacteria = Contains peptidoglycans in cell walls Archaebacteria = Ancient and primitive organisms Plantae = Has chloroplasts and produces oxygen Animalia = Lacks cell walls and is generally motile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason that organisms may be kept apart from one another?

    <p>Geographical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mating barriers can include both physical and behavioral factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a unicellular organism.

    <p>E-coli or Methanogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living organisms primarily use food for _____ and growth.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a necessity for organisms?

    <p>Coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason biodiversity is important?

    <p>It benefits a species' survival through genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All hybrids are considered to be part of the same species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one threat to biodiversity.

    <p>Habitat Loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce is called __________ selection.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classifications with their descriptions:

    <p>Species = Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Taxonomy = Branch of biology that classifies organisms Genetic Biodiversity = Variation of genes within a species Ecological Diversity = Variety of ecosystems in a given area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key concept of Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

    <p>Struggle for survival creates variations in species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aristotle’s classification system was successful and still in use today.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does binomial nomenclature refer to?

    <p>The system of assigning scientific names to organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ species consists of organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

    <p>biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following early classification concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Linnaeus = Developed binomial nomenclature Aristotle = Grouped organisms into animals and plants Species Diversity = Variation of different species within an ecosystem Natural Selection = Process by which organisms adapt and evolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are considered homologous?

    <p>The wing of a bird and the forearm of a human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biochemical similarities can indicate relatedness among organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides evidence of phylogenetic relationships in embryology?

    <p>Similarities in embryological development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wing structure of a bat and a bird are examples of _____ structures.

    <p>homologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used to distinguish relationships among organisms?

    <p>Morphological changes at adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The similarities in proteins between two organisms provide evidence that they share a common ancestor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature indicates that organisms may be related through evolutionary descent?

    <p>Homologous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clade?

    <p>A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The out-group in a cladogram is more closely related to the in-group than the other organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a cladogram?

    <p>To show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cladogram, the term 'in-group' refers to organisms that share one or more ________ characters.

    <p>derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms to their classifications in the cladogram:

    <p>Sea Bass = In-group Lamprey = Out-group Antelope = In-group Bald Eagle = In-group Alligator = In-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom was formed in the 1950s that included bacteria?

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organisms in the in-group of a cladogram are distantly related to each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the organisms that is part of the in-group in the provided cladogram.

    <p>Sea Bass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology Exam Review

    • Topics covered include Diversity Of Living Things, Genetics, Evolution, and Animal Systems.
    • Lessons covered span from 1-8, 1-6, 1-4.

    Diversity Of Living Things - Lesson 1

    • Biodiversity: Variety of life on Earth.
    • Characteristics of Living Things: Made of cells, respond to their environment, reproduce, adapt to surroundings, grow and develop, use/need energy (remembered by MR RAGU).
    • Classifying Species:
      • Biological species: Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
      • Hybrids: Offspring of two different species, often infertile.
      • Taxonomy: Branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns them names.
    • 3 Levels of Biodiversity:
      • Genetic Biodiversity: Important for species survival.
      • Species Diversity: Species rely on each other for survival.
      • Ecological Diversity: Variation in ecosystems; supports different species in their habitats.
    • Threats to Biodiversity:
      • Habitat loss
      • Invasive species
      • Population decline
      • Pollution
      • Overexploitation

    Darwin's Theory of Evolution

    • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
    • Competition for resources is intense.
    • Individuals best suited for their environment survive and reproduce; others don't.
    • Species alive today are descended from modified ancestors.
    • Natural selection drives changes over time.

    Early Attempts at Classification (Aristotle)

    • Organisms classified in the 17th/18th century.
    • Aristotle divided organisms into two groups: plants and animals.
    • Animals divided into land, air, and water dwellers.
    • Plants divided into trees, herbs, and shrubs.
    • This early system had problems in classifying organisms with no clear relation.

    The Linnaeus System of Classification

    • Carolus Linnaeus, a philosopher, devised a system based on structural resemblance.
    • Organisms grouped based on similarities and assigned particular names.
    • Binomial nomenclature: Two-part scientific naming system - Genus followed by species.
    • This system was revolutionary in organizing life's diversity.

    Modern Taxonomy

    • Developed evolutionary history of organisms via phylogenetic trees, showing relationships between species.
    • Represents evolutionary lines.
    • Key features include homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, biochemical, genetic and embryological similarities to show relatedness.

    Domains

    • There are 3 domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.
    • Eukarya contains complex multicellular organisms, and Bacteria and Archaea are single cell organisms.

    Kingdoms

    • There are 6 kingdoms (currently): Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
    • Early classification systems used fewer kingdoms, but scientists have developed more inclusive systems over time.

    What is a virus?

    • Viruses are microscopic, non-living particles.
    • They only reproduce inside host cells, and there are two cycles (lytic and lysogenic) for reproduction.
    • Viruses do have genetic material (DNA or RNA) but don't perform essential life functions outside of a host.
    • Viruses are not considered a kingdom as they are not alive.

    Virus Structure and Types

    • Viruses have a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) and sometimes an outer envelope.
    • Different shapes (helical, polyhedral, spherical, complex).
    • Examples include influenza, Ebola, adenovirus, and bacteriophages.

    Viral Replication

    • Lytic cycle: Host cell is destroyed.
    • Lysogenic cycle: Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA.
    • The lytic cycle results in the immediate destruction and release of the virus particles.
    • The lysogenic cycle typically results in no immediate destruction of the host cell but rather integration of the viral DNA into that of the host.

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