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Questions and Answers
What do shared derived characters indicate in cladistics?
What do shared derived characters indicate in cladistics?
Cladistics is an outdated method of classifying organisms.
Cladistics is an outdated method of classifying organisms.
False (B)
What are evolutionary innovations?
What are evolutionary innovations?
New characteristics that arise among organisms over time.
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are grouped together and referred to as __________.
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are grouped together and referred to as __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What does a cladogram represent?
What does a cladogram represent?
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The out-group in a cladogram is the group of organisms that are closely related to the in-group.
The out-group in a cladogram is the group of organisms that are closely related to the in-group.
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Name one organism that is part of the in-group described in the cladogram.
Name one organism that is part of the in-group described in the cladogram.
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A kingdom called the __________ kingdom included bacteria and blue-green algae.
A kingdom called the __________ kingdom included bacteria and blue-green algae.
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Match the following organisms with their classifications:
Match the following organisms with their classifications:
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Which of the following organisms is the out-group in the given cladogram?
Which of the following organisms is the out-group in the given cladogram?
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A clade includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.
A clade includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.
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What is a derived character in the context of clades?
What is a derived character in the context of clades?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
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A zorse is considered a part of the same species as its parents, the zebra and horse.
A zorse is considered a part of the same species as its parents, the zebra and horse.
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What does the term 'biodiversity' refer to?
What does the term 'biodiversity' refer to?
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The scientist who developed binomial nomenclature is __________.
The scientist who developed binomial nomenclature is __________.
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Match the threats to biodiversity with their descriptions:
Match the threats to biodiversity with their descriptions:
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According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following processes leads to natural selection?
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following processes leads to natural selection?
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All organisms classified under plants have stems.
All organisms classified under plants have stems.
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What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?
What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?
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The three levels of biodiversity are genetic biodiversity, species diversity, and __________ diversity.
The three levels of biodiversity are genetic biodiversity, species diversity, and __________ diversity.
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Which of the following methods was used by Aristotle for classification?
Which of the following methods was used by Aristotle for classification?
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Study Notes
Biology Exam Review
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Topics Covered:
- Diversity of Living Things (Lessons 1-4)
- Genetics (Lessons 1-8)
- Evolution (Lessons 1-6)
- Animal Systems (Lessons 1-4)
Diversity of Living Things
- Biodiversity: The variety of life on Earth.
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Characteristics of Living Things:
- Made of cells
- Respond to their environment
- Reproduce
- Adapt to their surroundings
- Grow and develop
- Use and need energy (remembered with "MR RAGU")
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Classifying Species:
- Biological species: A group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring. (e.g., labradoodle)
- Hybrids: Offspring of two different species, which might or might not be fertile.
- Taxonomy: The branch of biology that classifies and names organisms.
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Levels of Biodiversity:
- Genetic diversity: Importance for species survival.
- Species diversity: Species reliant on each other for survival and increased survival rates.
- Ecological diversity: Variation in ecosystems, with different species in different habitats.
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Threats to Biodiversity:
- Habitat loss
- Invasive species
- Population decline
- Pollution
- Overexploitation
Genetics
- Evolution: Darwin's theory outlines that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, creating competition for resources. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and produce, leading to species modification.
Evolution
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Early Attempts at Classification (Aristotle):
- Sorted organisms into plants and animals.
- Divided animals into land, air, and water dwellers.
- Classified plants based on stem types.
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Linnaeus System of Classification:
- Based on similarities in structure (morphology).
- Developed binomial nomenclature (two-part scientific names), for example Panthera tigris (tiger).
- Created kingdoms.
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Modern Taxonomy/Phylogeny:
- Shows evolutionary history of relationships based on evolutionary relationships.
- Phylogenetic tree: A family tree that represents evolutionary relationships.
- Evidence includes homologous characteristics; structures shared due to common ancestry (e.g., the arm of a human, wing of a bird).
- Analogous characteristics; different structure but shared function or characteristics.
- Vestigial structures: Reduced structures with no apparent current function.
Animal Systems
- Biochemcial similarities: Similarity in chemical compounds in the cells of organisms used to determine relationships between them.
- Genetic similarities: Genetic material comparisons for organisms.
- Embryological similarities: Similar embryonic development suggests shared ancestry.
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Cladistics: A new method to classify organisms.
- Identifies evolutionary innovations, the unique characteristis among various organisms.
- Shared characteristics among organisms.
- Derived characters: Develop characteristics only unique to specific organisms for classification. (e.g., feathers in birds).
Kingdoms and Domains
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Kingdoms and Domains:
- A Brief History of Classification:
- Early classification used few kingdoms (plants, animals).
- Later classifications expanded into more kingdoms (monera, protista, etc.)
- Current use of domains (eubacteria, archaea, eukarya).
- Six kingdoms include:
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protists
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
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Characteristics of Kingdoms:
- Cell type (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic)
- Cell structure (e.g., cell wall composition)
- Mode of nutrition (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic)
- Organization (single-celled vs. multicellular)
Viruses
- Virus Definition: Microscopic particles that only reproduce within living cells (host cells).
- Virus Characteristics: Non-living, do not perform processes needed for life, require a host cell to reproduce, contain genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Virus Structure: Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a core, surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes an outer envelope.
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Viral Replication:
Different types of viral replication cycles depend on the particular virus and its host.
- Lytic cycle: Virus takes over host cell reproduction, leading to destruction of the host cell.
- Lysogenic cycle: The virus incorporates its genetic material into the host cell's genome, remaining dormant.
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Description
Prepare for your biology exam with this comprehensive review quiz covering the diversity of living things, genetics, evolution, and animal systems. Test your knowledge on key concepts including biodiversity and taxonomy, and understand the characteristics and classification of species.
