Biology Exam Review: Living Things & Genetics

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What do shared derived characters indicate in cladistics?

  • They are characteristics of unrelated species.
  • They suggest a common ancestry. (correct)
  • They highlight evolutionary failures.
  • They indicate similar environments.

Cladistics is an outdated method of classifying organisms.

False (B)

What are evolutionary innovations?

New characteristics that arise among organisms over time.

Reptiles, birds, and mammals are grouped together and referred to as __________.

<p>amniotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Shared Characters = Features common to all members in a group Derived Characters = Features that evolved within the group Cladistics = Classification based on evolutionary innovations Common Ancestor = An ancestor shared by two or more species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cladogram represent?

<p>The evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The out-group in a cladogram is the group of organisms that are closely related to the in-group.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one organism that is part of the in-group described in the cladogram.

<p>Sea Bass</p> Signup and view all the answers

A kingdom called the __________ kingdom included bacteria and blue-green algae.

<p>monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their classifications:

<p>Sea Bass = In-group Lamprey = Out-group Antelope = In-group Bald Eagle = In-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is the out-group in the given cladogram?

<p>Lamprey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clade includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a derived character in the context of clades?

<p>A trait that is shared by a group of organisms and inherited from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

<p>Ability to fly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A zorse is considered a part of the same species as its parents, the zebra and horse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'biodiversity' refer to?

<p>The variety of life on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientist who developed binomial nomenclature is __________.

<p>Carolus Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the threats to biodiversity with their descriptions:

<p>Habitat Loss = Destruction of natural environments Invasive Species = Non-native species disrupting ecosystems Pollution = Contamination of land, water, or air Over Exploitation = Unsustainable harvesting of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following processes leads to natural selection?

<p>Competitive advantage based on environmental suitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All organisms classified under plants have stems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?

<p>To classify organisms and assign them universally accepted names</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three levels of biodiversity are genetic biodiversity, species diversity, and __________ diversity.

<p>ecological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods was used by Aristotle for classification?

<p>Dividing animals based on habitat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clade

A group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Cladogram

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

In-group

A group of organisms within a cladogram that share more recent common ancestry, compared to the outgroup.

Out-group

An organism in a cladogram that is distantly related to the in-group, used as a reference point.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Derived character

A characteristic that is found in a group of organisms but not in their ancestor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monera Kingdom

A former kingdom that included bacteria and blue-green algae.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Domain

A major taxonomic group that includes several kingdoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kingdom

A taxonomic group that includes several phyla.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biodiversity

The variety of life on Earth, encompassing all species, their genetic differences, and the ecosystems they inhabit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Species

Organisms that are capable of producing fertile offspring, meaning their offspring can also reproduce.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hybrid

Offspring produced from the mating of two different species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Taxonomy

The branch of biology dedicated to classifying organisms and assigning each a universally recognized name.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Biodiversity

The variety of genes within a species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Species Diversity

The number and abundance of different species in a given area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ecological Diversity

The variety of ecosystems within a region.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binomial Nomenclature

The system of assigning a two-part scientific name to each organism, the first part being the genus and the second part the species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linnaeus System of Classification

The grouping of organisms based on their structural similarities; organisms that look alike are considered more closely related.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cladistics

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, focusing on shared derived characters to determine evolutionary lineages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shared Characters

Features present in all members of a group but not necessarily shared by ancestors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Similarity & Evolutionary Time

The more similar the DNA sequences of two species are, the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amino Acid Differences & Evolutionary Time

Differences in amino acid sequences between organisms can reveal how long ago they diverged from a common ancestor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Biology Exam Review

  • Topics Covered:
    • Diversity of Living Things (Lessons 1-4)
    • Genetics (Lessons 1-8)
    • Evolution (Lessons 1-6)
    • Animal Systems (Lessons 1-4)

Diversity of Living Things

  • Biodiversity: The variety of life on Earth.
  • Characteristics of Living Things:
    • Made of cells
    • Respond to their environment
    • Reproduce
    • Adapt to their surroundings
    • Grow and develop
    • Use and need energy (remembered with "MR RAGU")
  • Classifying Species:
    • Biological species: A group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring. (e.g., labradoodle)
    • Hybrids: Offspring of two different species, which might or might not be fertile.
    • Taxonomy: The branch of biology that classifies and names organisms.
  • Levels of Biodiversity:
    • Genetic diversity: Importance for species survival.
    • Species diversity: Species reliant on each other for survival and increased survival rates.
    • Ecological diversity: Variation in ecosystems, with different species in different habitats.
  • Threats to Biodiversity:
    • Habitat loss
    • Invasive species
    • Population decline
    • Pollution
    • Overexploitation

Genetics

  • Evolution: Darwin's theory outlines that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, creating competition for resources. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and produce, leading to species modification.

Evolution

  • Early Attempts at Classification (Aristotle):
    • Sorted organisms into plants and animals.
    • Divided animals into land, air, and water dwellers.
    • Classified plants based on stem types.
  • Linnaeus System of Classification:
    • Based on similarities in structure (morphology).
    • Developed binomial nomenclature (two-part scientific names), for example Panthera tigris (tiger).
    • Created kingdoms.
  • Modern Taxonomy/Phylogeny:
    • Shows evolutionary history of relationships based on evolutionary relationships.
    • Phylogenetic tree: A family tree that represents evolutionary relationships.
    • Evidence includes homologous characteristics; structures shared due to common ancestry (e.g., the arm of a human, wing of a bird).
    • Analogous characteristics; different structure but shared function or characteristics.
    • Vestigial structures: Reduced structures with no apparent current function.

Animal Systems

  • Biochemcial similarities: Similarity in chemical compounds in the cells of organisms used to determine relationships between them.
  • Genetic similarities: Genetic material comparisons for organisms.
  • Embryological similarities: Similar embryonic development suggests shared ancestry.
  • Cladistics: A new method to classify organisms.
    • Identifies evolutionary innovations, the unique characteristis among various organisms.
    • Shared characteristics among organisms.
    • Derived characters: Develop characteristics only unique to specific organisms for classification. (e.g., feathers in birds).

Kingdoms and Domains

  • Kingdoms and Domains:
    • A Brief History of Classification:
  • Early classification used few kingdoms (plants, animals).
  • Later classifications expanded into more kingdoms (monera, protista, etc.)
  • Current use of domains (eubacteria, archaea, eukarya).
    • Six kingdoms include:
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Characteristics of Kingdoms:
    • Cell type (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic)
    • Cell structure (e.g., cell wall composition)
    • Mode of nutrition (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic)
    • Organization (single-celled vs. multicellular)

Viruses

  • Virus Definition: Microscopic particles that only reproduce within living cells (host cells).
  • Virus Characteristics: Non-living, do not perform processes needed for life, require a host cell to reproduce, contain genetic material (DNA or RNA).
  • Virus Structure: Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a core, surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes an outer envelope.
  • Viral Replication: Different types of viral replication cycles depend on the particular virus and its host.
    • Lytic cycle: Virus takes over host cell reproduction, leading to destruction of the host cell.
    • Lysogenic cycle: The virus incorporates its genetic material into the host cell's genome, remaining dormant.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Biology Exam Review PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser