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Questions and Answers
Which factor makes the impact of natural selection apparent over time?
Which factor makes the impact of natural selection apparent over time?
- Environmental change (correct)
- Mutation rates
- Reproductive success
- Geographic isolation
What is the term used to describe a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed?
What is the term used to describe a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed?
- Gene pool (correct)
- Genetic variation
- Genetic pool
- Allele frequency
In what scenario does microevolution occur?
In what scenario does microevolution occur?
- When a new allele is introduced into a population
- When all individuals in a population have the same allele frequencies
- When there are changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population (correct)
- When there is no change in allele frequencies over generations
What remains constant within a gene pool unless other factors are at play?
What remains constant within a gene pool unless other factors are at play?
What can enhance an individual's reproductive success in some cases?
What can enhance an individual's reproductive success in some cases?
Which term describes the situation where different populations of the same species do not exchange genetic material?
Which term describes the situation where different populations of the same species do not exchange genetic material?
What is the main purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
What is the main purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
Which of the following conditions is NOT necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Which of the following conditions is NOT necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies in a population?
What is the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies in a population?
How does gene flow contribute to genetic variation within a population?
How does gene flow contribute to genetic variation within a population?
Which of the following is NOT a main cause of evolutionary change?
Which of the following is NOT a main cause of evolutionary change?
In terms of allele frequencies, what does nonrandom mating usually have little impact on?
In terms of allele frequencies, what does nonrandom mating usually have little impact on?
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution?
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution?
What did Darwin struggle to explain in 'The Origin of Species' regarding individual organisms?
What did Darwin struggle to explain in 'The Origin of Species' regarding individual organisms?
Which scientist made a significant contribution to the understanding of inheritance in pea plants just a few years after Darwin's 'The Origin of Species' was published?
Which scientist made a significant contribution to the understanding of inheritance in pea plants just a few years after Darwin's 'The Origin of Species' was published?
Which interaction is essential for evolution to occur, involving elements like chance, natural selection, and the environment?
Which interaction is essential for evolution to occur, involving elements like chance, natural selection, and the environment?
What can have a significant effect on an organism's phenotype with just a small change, such as altering a single nucleotide in a protein-coding gene?
What can have a significant effect on an organism's phenotype with just a small change, such as altering a single nucleotide in a protein-coding gene?
Why are adaptations often characterized as compromises in evolution?
Why are adaptations often characterized as compromises in evolution?
What genetic phenomenon tends to reduce differences between populations?
What genetic phenomenon tends to reduce differences between populations?
Which situation could lead to a loss of genetic diversity due to a population being greatly reduced?
Which situation could lead to a loss of genetic diversity due to a population being greatly reduced?
In a founder effect, what kind of individuals typically establish a new population in an island or new habitat?
In a founder effect, what kind of individuals typically establish a new population in an island or new habitat?
Which domain includes organisms like Bacteria and Archaea?
Which domain includes organisms like Bacteria and Archaea?
What is the main contributor to the establishment of relatively high frequencies of inherited disorders in some human populations?
What is the main contributor to the establishment of relatively high frequencies of inherited disorders in some human populations?
How can human activities, like overhunting and habitat destruction, impact genetic diversity?
How can human activities, like overhunting and habitat destruction, impact genetic diversity?
What is the main driving force behind the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over many generations?
What is the main driving force behind the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over many generations?
What aspect of natural selection does the statement 'Natural selection is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism' emphasize?
What aspect of natural selection does the statement 'Natural selection is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism' emphasize?
Why can natural selection not 'fashion perfect organisms'?
Why can natural selection not 'fashion perfect organisms'?
Which factor is essential for natural selection to operate on a population?
Which factor is essential for natural selection to operate on a population?
What does the statement 'Selection can act only on existing variations' imply about the process of natural selection?
What does the statement 'Selection can act only on existing variations' imply about the process of natural selection?
What is the primary mechanism through which accumulated favorable traits spread in a population?
What is the primary mechanism through which accumulated favorable traits spread in a population?
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Study Notes
Evolution's Limitations and Mechanisms
- Evolution is limited by historical constraints and co-opts existing structures to adapt to new situations.
- Adaptations are often compromises, and the same structure often performs many functions.
- Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact, and environments often change unpredictably.
Genetic Variation and Mutation
- Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, which is the raw material for evolution.
- Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA result in new alleles, and a single nucleotide change can have a significant effect on phenotype.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether evolution is occurring in a population.
- The 5 conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are:
- A very large population
- No gene flow between populations
- No mutations
- Random mating
- No natural selection
- These conditions are rarely met in real populations, resulting in changes to allele and genotype frequencies.
Microevolution and Population Evolution
- Evolution occurs within populations, which are groups of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.
- Different populations of the same species may be geographically isolated from each other, leading to genetic differences.
- Microevolution refers to the change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a number of generations.
- The gene pool consists of all copies of every type of allele in a population.
Genetic Drift
- Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies over time, which can lead to a loss of genetic diversity.
- The bottleneck effect and founder effect are types of genetic drift that result from population reduction or colonization.
Domain System and Diversity
- Biologists recognize a 3-domain system: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Diversity exists among fungi, plants, and animals, as well as invertebrates and vertebrates.
Natural Selection
- Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the accumulation of these traits in the population.
- Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms and is limited by time and place.
- Scientists can observe natural selection in action, such as in the development of pesticide resistance in insects.
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