Chapter 4 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of platelets in the body?

Blood clotting (correct)

Oxygen transportation

Hormone regulation

Nutrient absorption

Which type of cartilage is primarily responsible for providing shock absorption?

Fibrocartilage (correct)

Hyaline cartilage

Chondroid cartilage

Elastic cartilage

What is the primary component of the matrix in cartilage?

Lipids

Mineral salts

Collagen fibers

Polysaccharide derivatives (correct)

What type of cartilage is known for its flexibility?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of perichondrium provides support and protection to cartilage?

Outer, fibrous layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the avascularity of cartilage?

Presence of antiangiogenesis factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lymph in the body?

Monitors and returns interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage would be found at the ends of long bones?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue primarily functions to cushion organs and provide support while allowing for independent movement?

Areolar Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of brown fat, especially in infants and young children?

Energy production and thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adipose tissue is known for its role in absorbing shocks and insulating the body?

White Fat Signup and view all the answers

In adults, what is true about the division of adipocytes in adipose tissue?

Adipocytes do not divide but can expand or shrink. Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in areolar tissue provides defense against pathogens?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of areolar tissue?

Provides insulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mesenchymal cells in adipose tissue?

Divide and produce more adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where is areolar tissue typically located in the body?

Underneath the skin and surrounding organs Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes holocrine secretion?

Gland cells are destroyed during the secretion process. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland is an example of holocrine secretion?

Sebaceous glands Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows merocrine glands to release their secretions?

Exocytosis of secretory vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the gland cells after holocrine secretion?

They undergo apoptosis and are replaced immediately. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of secretion do cells lose only part of their cytoplasm?

Apocrine secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of apocrine glands compared to merocrine glands?

They involve the shedding of cytoplasmic components. Signup and view all the answers

Which glandular secretion method involves the least destruction of the cell?

Merocrine secretion Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is primarily utilized by mammary glands for milk production?

Apocrine secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is primarily found in synovial joints reducing friction between bones?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of elastic cartilage?

It provides and supports while being able to bend easily. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fibrocartilage is true?

It is very durable and prevents bone-to-bone contact. Signup and view all the answers

Where is elastic cartilage primarily located?

In the larynx and external ear Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is best known for its ability to tolerate distortion without permanent damage?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What function does hyaline cartilage serve in the body?

Provides stiff yet somewhat flexible support. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a location where hyaline cartilage is found?

Pubic bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrocartilage in joints?

It absorbs shock and prevents bone-to-bone contact. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Store energy Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of epithelia refers to the presence of different functional surfaces?

Polarity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specialization of epithelial cells that aids in fluid movement?

Microvilli Signup and view all the answers

How is the integrity of epithelial tissue primarily maintained?

Intercellular connections and attachment to the basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of epithelial cells is primarily involved in absorption?

Apical surface Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of epithelial tissue that indicates it does not have direct blood supply?

Avascularity Signup and view all the answers

What role do cilia on ciliated epithelium serve?

Assist in fluid movement over the epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is NOT typically associated with epithelial tissue?

Chemical storage Signup and view all the answers

What process describes cartilage enlarging from within?

Interstitial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures primarily helps prevent bone-to-bone contact in joints?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage growth occurs at the outer surface?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

Where is fibrocartilage primarily located?

Within the knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the matrix of fibrocartilage?

Dense and fibrous Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

Facilitates gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Where is stratified squamous epithelium predominantly found?

Surface of the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cuboidal epithelium is relatively rare in the body?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What role does simple cuboidal epithelium primarily serve?

Absorbs and secretes substances Signup and view all the answers

Which location is NOT typically associated with simple squamous epithelium?

Lining of the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Acts as a barrier to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

In which structure would you typically find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Glands and kidney tubules Signup and view all the answers

What main characteristic distinguishes simple squamous epithelium from other epithelial types?

Cells are flat and thin Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of adipose tissue?

Stores energy and insulates the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily involved in the function of adipose tissue?

Adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the decreased effectiveness of tissue regeneration with age?

Slowing of repair and maintenance activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structural change associated with aging?

Increased tendon elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues provides a complex, three-dimensional supportive framework in organs?

Reticular tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental factor contributing to the incidence of cancer in aging populations?

Chemical exposure Signup and view all the answers

In which locations is reticular tissue primarily found?

In the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people in the United States develop cancer according to recent statistics?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of elastic tissue?

Increases blood supply to the tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes dense connective tissues from other types?

High concentration of collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of dense connective tissue is known for its ability to withstand tension in one direction?

Dense regular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which location would elastic tissue NOT typically be found?

In joint cavities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between aging and cardiovascular disease?

Aging increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the reticular fibers in reticular tissue?

To support the functional cells of organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the deep fascia layer?

It consists of sheets of dense regular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a type of dense connective tissue?

Cotton connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes superficial fascia from other fasciae layers?

It separates the skin from underlying tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fasciae is false?

Fasciae consist exclusively of adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which function is directly associated with elastic tissue?

Facilitates organ expansion and contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a layer of fasciae as mentioned?

Subcutaneous fascia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the subserous fascia?

Lies between deep fascia and serous membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes transitional epithelium from other epithelial types?

It can stretch and change appearance. Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with simple cuboidal epithelium?

Transport of gases Signup and view all the answers

Where would stratified cuboidal epithelium most commonly be located?

Sweat gland ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the cells found in simple cuboidal epithelium?

Cube-shaped with a single central nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Protection against abrasion. Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelial type is found in the urinary bladder that accommodates stretching?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the simple cuboidal epithelium?

Sensation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common location for simple cuboidal epithelium?

Glands and ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle tissue compared to skeletal and smooth muscle tissues?

Presence of intercalated discs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myosatellite cells in skeletal muscle tissue?

Regenerate and repair muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

How do the cells of smooth muscle tissue primarily differ from those of skeletal muscle tissue?

Smooth muscle cells can divide and regenerate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes skeletal muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle is striated and under voluntary control. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes smooth muscle from both skeletal and cardiac muscle regarding its contraction mechanism?

It contracts rhythmically and is involuntary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pacemaker cells in cardiac muscle tissue?

They regulate the heartbeat through electrical impulses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies a feature of smooth muscle tissue?

It consists of small, spindle-shaped cells that are non-striated. Signup and view all the answers

How do cardiac muscle fibers connect to one another, enhancing their functionality?

Via specialized junctions called intercalated discs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fibrocartilage that distinguishes it from hyaline cartilage?

It limits movement and prevents bone-to-bone contact. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is NOT typically associated with elastic cartilage?

Between pubic bones Signup and view all the answers

How does hyaline cartilage primarily function in the body?

By reducing friction between bony surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of elastic cartilage?

To return to its original shape after distortion. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hyaline cartilage from fibrocartilage in terms of composition?

Fibrocartilage contains more collagen fibers. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is most suitable for areas requiring support with minimal flexibility?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

In which anatomical structures is hyaline cartilage NOT typically found?

Spinal vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What role do chondrocytes play in the different types of cartilage?

They help generate and maintain the cartilage matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of canaliculi in bone tissue?

Facilitate the exchange of nutrients with bone cells Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the periosteum is responsible for the structural integrity of bone?

The fibrous layer that provides tensile strength Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mature chondrocytes from immature chondroblasts?

Mature chondrocytes lie in lacunae, whereas immature chondroblasts do not Signup and view all the answers

During appositional growth, what occurs as the cartilage matrix enlarges?

Stem cells in the perichondrium increase their division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that gives bone its rigidity?

The hydroxyapatite crystals formed by calcium salts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the immature cartilage cells found in the perichondrium?

Chondroblasts responsible for matrix production Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of osteocytes located in the lacunae?

They communicate through canaliculi for nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by the addition of new matrix on the outer surface of cartilage?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of holocrine secretion?

Gland cells are destroyed and replaced by stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which example correctly illustrates holocrine secretion?

Sebaceous glands Signup and view all the answers

What happens to gland cells after undergoing holocrine secretion?

They burst and are subsequently replaced by new stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

How is apocrine secretion different from holocrine secretion?

Apocrine secretion involves only the loss of apical cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes merocrine secretion?

It releases its product without cellular damage. Signup and view all the answers

In what type of secretion do secretory vesicles play a crucial role?

Merocrine secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mechanism by which products are released in merocrine secretion?

Exocytosis from secretory vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE regarding the regeneration of gland cells after holocrine secretion?

Stem cells are responsible for replacing destroyed gland cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Platelets

Membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm
Involved in blood clotting to seal leaks in damaged blood vessels

Lymph

Forms from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
Monitored by the immune system
Returned to veins near the heart

Supporting Connective Tissues

Includes cartilage and bone

Cartilage

Provides shock absorption and protection
Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfates
Cells in the matrix are chondrocytes in chambers called lacunae

Cartilage Structure

Avascular: chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor to prevent blood vessel formation
Perichondrium: outer fibrous layer for support and protection, inner cellular layer for growth and maintenance

Types of Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage: most common type, tough and flexible, reduces friction between bones, found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
Elastic cartilage: supportive but bends easily, found in external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: very durable and tough, limits movement, prevents bone-to-bone contact, found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae

Epithelial Tissue

Includes epithelia and glands
Epithelia are layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
Glands are structures that produce fluid secretions

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions

Characteristics of Epithelia

Polarity: apical and basal surfaces
Cellularity: cell junctions
Attachment: basement membrane
Avascularity: avascular
Regeneration

Specializations of Epithelial Cells

Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
Produce secretions (protection and messaging)

Polarity

Apical surface: microvilli increase absorption or secretion, cilia on a ciliated epithelium move fluids
Basolateral surface: connects epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Integrity of Epithelia

Maintained by:
- Intercellular connections
- Attachment to the basement membrane
- Epithelial maintenance and repair

Glandular Secretion

Merocrine secretion: released by secretory vesicles (exocytosis), example: merocrine sweat glands
Apocrine secretion: released by shedding cytoplasm, example: mammary glands
Holocrine secretion: released by cells bursting, killing gland cells, gland cells replaced by stem cells, example: sebaceous glands

Areolar Tissue

Found within and deep to the dermis of skin, covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, between muscles, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves
Functions: cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens

Adipose Tissue

Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)
- Adipocytes in adults do not divide: expand to store fat, shrink as fats are released
- Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate: to produce more fat cells when more storage is needed
May be removed via liposuction in cosmetic surgery

White Fat

Most common
Stores fat and absorbs shocks
Slows heat loss (insulation)

Brown Fat

Found in babies and young children
More vascularized
Adipocytes have many mitochondria
Breakdown of lipids releases energy and warms the body

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Found in glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and the thyroid gland.
Functions include limited protection, secretion, and absorption.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Located in the lining of some ducts.
Performs functions of protection, secretion, and absorption.

Transitional Epithelium

Tolerates repeated stretching without damage.
Appearance changes as stretching occurs.
Found in the urinary bladder.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage.
Tough and somewhat flexible.
Reduces friction between bones.
Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea.

Elastic Cartilage

Supportive but bends easily.
Found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Very durable and tough.
Limits movement.
Prevents bone-to-bone contact.
Found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae.

Merocrine Secretion

Released by secretory vesicles via exocytosis.
Example: merocrine sweat glands.

Apocrine Secretion

Released by shedding cytoplasm.
Example: mammary glands.

Holocrine Secretion

Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells.
Gland cells replaced by stem cells.
Example: sebaceous glands.

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Provides weight support.
Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts).
Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers).
Osteocytes (bone cells) lie in lacunae arranged around central canals within the matrix.
Small channels through the matrix (canaliculi) allow for the exchange of materials with blood.
Periosteum covers the bone, with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Consists of long, thin cells called muscle fibers.
Cells do not divide; new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells.
Striated voluntary muscle.
Found in skeletal muscles, combined with connective tissues and neural tissue.
Functions include moving or stabilizing the position of the skeleton, guarding entrances/exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, generating heat, and protecting internal organs.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Cells form branching networks connected at intercalated discs.
Regulated by pacemaker cells.
Striated involuntary muscle.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Cells are small and spindle-shaped.
Can divide and regenerate.
Nonstriated involuntary muscle.
Found in the walls of hollow, contracting organs.

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