Biology Chapter: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of osteoclasts in the bone growth process?

To break down old bone tissue. (correct)

To lengthen the epiphyseal plate.

To build new bone tissue.

To stabilize short bones.

Which of the following statements best describes the vertebral column?

It is mainly composed of irregular bones.

It provides leverage for upper limb movements.

It includes only the cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

It consists of five distinct regions. (correct)

Which type of muscle is involuntary and helps pump blood through the heart?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle (correct)

Skeletal muscle

Striated muscle

What characteristic differentiates long bones from short bones?

Long bones are always found in the limbs. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone primarily provides stability with limited movement?

Short bones Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation increases the efficiency of ATP production in the aerobic energy system?

Increased mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes type I muscle fibers?

Slow-twitch with high endurance Signup and view all the answers

What is the key adaptation of the muscular system that increases strength?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What natural alignment should the spine maintain while in a neutral position?

A natural "S" shape. Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

It contracts and air flows in Signup and view all the answers

In an antagonistic muscle pair, what role does the agonist muscle play?

It contracts to produce movement. Signup and view all the answers

How does the cardiovascular system adapt to improve exercise performance?

Cardiac hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens under tension?

Eccentric Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions due to dehydration?

Cramp Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of sesamoid bones?

They are embedded in tendons. Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation in the skeletal system reduces the risk of fractures?

Increased bone density Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Facilitating oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which energy system adaptation supports repeated explosive movements?

Increased phosphocreatine stores Signup and view all the answers

How does altitude affect the respiratory system during exercise?

Reduces airflow due to lower oxygen availability Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the increased breathing rate during physical activity?

Increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which factor associated with aging affects the muscular system?

Sarcopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term adaptation of the respiratory system to regular aerobic training?

Increased lung capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located on the oxygenated side of the heart?

Bicuspid (mitral) valve Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Enable gaseous exchange Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria contract?

Atrial Systole Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system component increases heart rate during exercise?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What causes fatigue in the lactate energy system?

Accumulation of lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced through the aerobic energy system?

36-38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the recovery time for the ATP-PC energy system?

2--3 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation occurs that results in a lower resting heart rate?

Increased cardiac hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System

Structure: Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum), appendicular skeleton (limbs, girdles).
Vertebral Column: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
Postural Deviations: Neutral spine alignment (natural "S" shape), kyphosis (hunchback), scoliosis (lateral curvature).
Bone Types: Long bones (leverage; e.g., femur, humerus), short bones (stability; e.g., carpals, tarsals), flat bones (protection; e.g., sternum, cranium), irregular bones (complex shapes; e.g., vertebrae, pelvis), sesamoid bones (embedded in tendons to reduce friction; e.g., patella).
Bone Growth Process: Osteoclasts break down old bone tissue, osteoblasts build new bone tissue, epiphyseal plate is the growth plate where lengthening occurs during childhood.

Muscular System

Muscle Types: Skeletal (striated, voluntary), cardiac (striated, involuntary), smooth (non-striated, involuntary).
Functions: Movement and posture maintenance, pumps blood (cardiac), regulates digestion (smooth), among internal processes.
Skeletal Muscle Groups: Key upper body (deltoids, biceps, triceps, pectorals), key core (abdominals, obliques, erector spinae), key lower body (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals, gastrocnemius).
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs: Muscles that work in pairs (e.g., biceps and triceps in a bicep curl). The agonist* contracts, the antagonist relaxes.

Respiratory System

Structure: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.
Breathing Mechanisms: Inspiration (diaphragm contracts, ribcage expands, air flows in), expiration (diaphragm relaxes, ribcage contracts, air expelled)
Gaseous Exchange: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli (diffusion process).

Cardiovascular System

Heart Structure: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar).
Blood Vessels: Arteries (thick, muscular, narrow lumen, carry oxygenated blood under pressure), veins (thin, wide lumen, valves, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart), capillaries (one-cell thick walls, enable gaseous exchange).
Cardiac Cycle: Diastole (relaxation and filling), atrial systole (atria contract), ventricular systole (ventricles contract, pumping blood out).

Nervous System

Nervous Control: Sympathetic nervous system (increases heart rate during exercise), parasympathetic nervous system (decreases heart rate during rest).

Energy Systems

ATP-PC System: Anaerobic, 10–12 seconds duration, explosive activities (sprints, weightlifting).
Lactate System: Anaerobic, 1–2 minutes duration, lactic acid byproduct (fatigue), recovery time: 20–60 minutes.
Aerobic System: Includes aerobic glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, Electron transport chain. Produces most ATP, long duration activities (marathons).

Additional Factors Affecting Systems

Skeletal: Arthritis, osteoporosis, age-related bone density loss.
Muscular: sarcopenia, cramp.
Respiratory: asthma, altitude.
Cardiovascular: sudden arrhythmic death syndrome, high/low blood pressure.
Energy: diabetes, lack of lactate system can hinder anaerobic activities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems. This quiz covers key components such as bone types, postural deviations, and muscle classifications, along with their roles in the human body. Perfect for biology students seeking to reinforce their learning.