COPY: Biology Chapter on Homeostasis and Bonding

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is homeostasis defined as?

The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

What component of a negative feedback loop is responsible for detecting some sort of change that has taken the body out of homeostasis (away from normal values)?

Effector

Receptor

Sensor (correct)

Control Center

What organ is most likely to be the control center in a negative feedback loop?

Brain (correct)

Kidney

Pituitary Gland

Hypothalamus

When two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called a/an?

covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

The bond that forms from the attraction between a cation and an anion is called a/an?

ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

An atom that gives up electrons becomes a/an?

cation Signup and view all the answers

What is Osmosis?

Osmosis is a passive process in which there is net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

The difference is that cations are positively charged (due to loss of electrons), and anions are negatively charged (due to gain of electrons). Signup and view all the answers

What will happen to a normal red blood cell that is placed into pure water?

Water will enter the cell due to osmosis. Signup and view all the answers

In a negative feedback system, what does the effector do?

The effector will create a response that counteracts or reduces the initial change that moved the system away from its set point, bringing the system back into balance or homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins synthesized by?

Proteins are synthesized by combining amino acids into one or more chains. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity?

Chemical level (atoms and molecules), Cellular level (cells), Tissue level (tissues), Organ level (organs), Organ system level (organ systems), Organismal level (the whole organism) Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is the most abundant in a typical cell membrane?

Phospholipid Signup and view all the answers

The natural movement of particles from an area where they are in high concentration to an area where they are in low concentration is called what?

diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What family of organic molecules (biomolecules) has the greatest variety of functions?

proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue called?

fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

If you stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet, what would pierce the epidermal layers of the sole of your foot in which order?

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein fibers found in connective tissue are straight, unbranched, strong, and stretch resistant?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What are the living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow called?

hair matrix cells Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?

Hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

Name the four types of tissues found in the human body.

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?

Through a process called diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticular lamina of a basement membrane produced by, and what is the basal lamina of a basement membrane produced by?

The reticular lamina is produced by connective tissue cells, while the basal lamina is produced by epithelial cells. Signup and view all the answers

Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as what?

endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?

Synovial membranes are different from all other types of membranes because they do not have an epithelial layer. Instead, they are made up primarily of connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epidermal cell is responsible for producing pigmentation in the skin?

Melanocyte Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of what two things?

fibers and ground substance Signup and view all the answers

What is Keratin?

Keratin is the protein found in large amounts in the superficial layers of the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What do Goblet cells produce and secrete?

Goblet cells produce and secrete mucus. Signup and view all the answers

What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?

Trabeculae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between embryonic and adult skeletons?

The embryonic skeleton is mostly cartilage, and as the organism grows, it gradually transforms into an adult skeleton made primarily of bone through processes like ossification. Signup and view all the answers

The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by which body part?

Foot and ankle Signup and view all the answers

If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the parathyroid glands which increases production of what hormone?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of joints allows the greatest range of motion?

Ball- and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What is found inside the lacunae in both compact and spongy bone?

Osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where is red bone marrow found?

Spongy (cancellous) bone Signup and view all the answers

Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (premenopause)?

Older women (post-menopause) are more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (premenopause) primarily due to a decline in estrogen levels that occurs after menopause. Signup and view all the answers

If a person is Vitamin D deficient, bones do not harden the way they are supposed to and can become rubbery and deformed, what is this medical condition known as?

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Signup and view all the answers

If a joint is classified as a synarthrosis joint, what does that mean?

The joint is immovable Signup and view all the answers

The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the _____ joint found at the shoulder.

Ball- and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called what?

Concentric lamellae Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?

Osteoblast Signup and view all the answers

Synovial fluid is produced by which structure in a synovial joint?

Synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint called?

Synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

70 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What structure makes very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron possible?

Myelin Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft?

Entry of calcium ions into the axon terminal Signup and view all the answers

What structure on a neuron carries stimuli towards the cell body?

Dendrite Signup and view all the answers

What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?

Voltage-gated sodium channel Signup and view all the answers

A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a what?

Ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What other type of neuroglia do Schwann cells have the same function as?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

During an action potential, what happens when K+ ions begin to leave the inside of the cell?

The neuron repolarizes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron called?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean that neurons are excitable cells?

Excitable cells are cells that can respond to stimuli by generating an electrical signal (such as an action potential). For neurons, this means they can undergo rapid changes in their membrane potential in response to external or internal signals. Signup and view all the answers

When does the membrane potential hit its peak (most positive voltage)?

Immediately after the voltage-gated potassium channel begins to open. Signup and view all the answers

At what point is ATP required during an action potential in a neuron?

ATP is required before and after the action potential. Signup and view all the answers

What two types of stimuli can be used to open or closed gated ion channels?

Voltage stimuli and chemical stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

By regulating neurotransmitter breakdown, MAO is vital for proper neural communication and overall homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is nervous tissue primarily composed of?

Nervous tissue is composed primarily of neurons and glial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

To coordinate and regulate motor activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the middle layer of the meninges called?

Arachnoid mater Signup and view all the answers

What does the term contralateral mean?

The term contralateral means that the cerebrum controls activities on the opposite side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenergic transmission mean?

The process of nerve signaling that involves the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) or epinephrine (adrenaline) as neurotransmitters. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?

The sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?

The integration center is located in the central nervous system (CNS), typically within the spinal cord or brainstem. Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters do both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the heart with?

Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What two layers of the meninges does the subdural space lie between?

Dura mater and Arachnoid mater Signup and view all the answers

What two structures in the brain are known for producing hormones?

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for processing. Signup and view all the answers

What types of emotions does the limbic system regulate?

The limbic system regulates basic emotions like fear, anger, happiness, and sadness, as well as emotional responses related to memory. Signup and view all the answers

From the list of activities below, which of these would occur if the parasympathetic nervous system had been activated?

Rest and digest functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest region of the brain?

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholine (ACh) Signup and view all the answers

What information is processed by the corpora quadrigemina?

The corpora quadrigemina processes reflexive responses to visual stimuli, such as orienting the eyes and head toward moving objects or bright light. Signup and view all the answers

Where do hormones that work as transcription factors target inside a target cell?

They target the nucleus of the cell, where they bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. Signup and view all the answers

Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as what?

Chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the photoreceptor that provides good black and white vision even in low light situations called?

Rod Signup and view all the answers

Considering the concept of top-down control in endocrinology, what structure in the brain represents the highest level of control?

The hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface called?

Referred pain. Signup and view all the answers

What information is processed by the visual cortex in the occipital lobe?

The visual cortex processes visual information such as shape, color, motion, and depth perception. Signup and view all the answers

When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), what does the anterior pituitary respond by releasing?

The anterior pituitary responds by releasing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the pancreas to produce and release more of the hormone insulin, causing body cells to remove glucose from the blood?

Receptors in the blood detect that glucose levels in the blood are too high. Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus "turns on" an endocrine gland when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?

Humoral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers