Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is homeostasis defined as?
What is homeostasis defined as?
The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
What component of a negative feedback loop is responsible for detecting some sort of change that has taken the body out of homeostasis (away from normal values)?
What component of a negative feedback loop is responsible for detecting some sort of change that has taken the body out of homeostasis (away from normal values)?
- Effector
- Receptor
- Sensor (correct)
- Control Center
What organ is most likely to be the control center in a negative feedback loop?
What organ is most likely to be the control center in a negative feedback loop?
- Brain (correct)
- Kidney
- Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus
When two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called a/an?
When two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called a/an?
The bond that forms from the attraction between a cation and an anion is called a/an?
The bond that forms from the attraction between a cation and an anion is called a/an?
An atom that gives up electrons becomes a/an?
An atom that gives up electrons becomes a/an?
What is Osmosis?
What is Osmosis?
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
What will happen to a normal red blood cell that is placed into pure water?
What will happen to a normal red blood cell that is placed into pure water?
In a negative feedback system, what does the effector do?
In a negative feedback system, what does the effector do?
What are proteins synthesized by?
What are proteins synthesized by?
Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity?
Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity?
What molecule is the most abundant in a typical cell membrane?
What molecule is the most abundant in a typical cell membrane?
The natural movement of particles from an area where they are in high concentration to an area where they are in low concentration is called what?
The natural movement of particles from an area where they are in high concentration to an area where they are in low concentration is called what?
What family of organic molecules (biomolecules) has the greatest variety of functions?
What family of organic molecules (biomolecules) has the greatest variety of functions?
What are immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue called?
What are immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue called?
If you stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet, what would pierce the epidermal layers of the sole of your foot in which order?
If you stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet, what would pierce the epidermal layers of the sole of your foot in which order?
What type of protein fibers found in connective tissue are straight, unbranched, strong, and stretch resistant?
What type of protein fibers found in connective tissue are straight, unbranched, strong, and stretch resistant?
What are the living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow called?
What are the living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow called?
Which region of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?
Which region of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?
What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?
What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?
Name the four types of tissues found in the human body.
Name the four types of tissues found in the human body.
How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?
How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?
What is the reticular lamina of a basement membrane produced by, and what is the basal lamina of a basement membrane produced by?
What is the reticular lamina of a basement membrane produced by, and what is the basal lamina of a basement membrane produced by?
Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as what?
Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as what?
How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?
How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?
Which type of epidermal cell is responsible for producing pigmentation in the skin?
Which type of epidermal cell is responsible for producing pigmentation in the skin?
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of what two things?
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of what two things?
What is Keratin?
What is Keratin?
What do Goblet cells produce and secrete?
What do Goblet cells produce and secrete?
What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?
What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?
What is the primary difference between embryonic and adult skeletons?
What is the primary difference between embryonic and adult skeletons?
The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by which body part?
The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by which body part?
If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the parathyroid glands which increases production of what hormone?
If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the parathyroid glands which increases production of what hormone?
Which of the following types of joints allows the greatest range of motion?
Which of the following types of joints allows the greatest range of motion?
What is found inside the lacunae in both compact and spongy bone?
What is found inside the lacunae in both compact and spongy bone?
Where is red bone marrow found?
Where is red bone marrow found?
Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (premenopause)?
Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (premenopause)?
If a person is Vitamin D deficient, bones do not harden the way they are supposed to and can become rubbery and deformed, what is this medical condition known as?
If a person is Vitamin D deficient, bones do not harden the way they are supposed to and can become rubbery and deformed, what is this medical condition known as?
If a joint is classified as a synarthrosis joint, what does that mean?
If a joint is classified as a synarthrosis joint, what does that mean?
The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the _____ joint found at the shoulder.
The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the _____ joint found at the shoulder.
In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called what?
In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called what?
What cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?
What cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?
Synovial fluid is produced by which structure in a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid is produced by which structure in a synovial joint?
What is the innermost layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint called?
What is the innermost layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint called?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What structure makes very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron possible?
What structure makes very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron possible?
What stimulates vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft?
What stimulates vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft?
What structure on a neuron carries stimuli towards the cell body?
What structure on a neuron carries stimuli towards the cell body?
What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?
What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?
A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a what?
A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a what?
What other type of neuroglia do Schwann cells have the same function as?
What other type of neuroglia do Schwann cells have the same function as?
During an action potential, what happens when K+ ions begin to leave the inside of the cell?
During an action potential, what happens when K+ ions begin to leave the inside of the cell?
What is the point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron called?
What is the point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron called?
What does it mean that neurons are excitable cells?
What does it mean that neurons are excitable cells?
When does the membrane potential hit its peak (most positive voltage)?
When does the membrane potential hit its peak (most positive voltage)?
At what point is ATP required during an action potential in a neuron?
At what point is ATP required during an action potential in a neuron?
What two types of stimuli can be used to open or closed gated ion channels?
What two types of stimuli can be used to open or closed gated ion channels?
What is the function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
What is the function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
What is nervous tissue primarily composed of?
What is nervous tissue primarily composed of?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the middle layer of the meninges called?
What is the middle layer of the meninges called?
What does the term contralateral mean?
What does the term contralateral mean?
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord.
What does adrenergic transmission mean?
What does adrenergic transmission mean?
What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?
What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?
In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?
In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?
What neurotransmitters do both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the heart with?
What neurotransmitters do both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the heart with?
What two layers of the meninges does the subdural space lie between?
What two layers of the meninges does the subdural space lie between?
What two structures in the brain are known for producing hormones?
What two structures in the brain are known for producing hormones?
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
What types of emotions does the limbic system regulate?
What types of emotions does the limbic system regulate?
From the list of activities below, which of these would occur if the parasympathetic nervous system had been activated?
From the list of activities below, which of these would occur if the parasympathetic nervous system had been activated?
What is the largest region of the brain?
What is the largest region of the brain?
What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?
What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?
What information is processed by the corpora quadrigemina?
What information is processed by the corpora quadrigemina?
Where do hormones that work as transcription factors target inside a target cell?
Where do hormones that work as transcription factors target inside a target cell?
Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as what?
Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as what?
What is the photoreceptor that provides good black and white vision even in low light situations called?
What is the photoreceptor that provides good black and white vision even in low light situations called?
Considering the concept of top-down control in endocrinology, what structure in the brain represents the highest level of control?
Considering the concept of top-down control in endocrinology, what structure in the brain represents the highest level of control?
What is the ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface called?
What is the ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface called?
What information is processed by the visual cortex in the occipital lobe?
What information is processed by the visual cortex in the occipital lobe?
When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), what does the anterior pituitary respond by releasing?
When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), what does the anterior pituitary respond by releasing?
What triggers the pancreas to produce and release more of the hormone insulin, causing body cells to remove glucose from the blood?
What triggers the pancreas to produce and release more of the hormone insulin, causing body cells to remove glucose from the blood?
What type of stimulus "turns on" an endocrine gland when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?
What type of stimulus "turns on" an endocrine gland when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in living organisms despite external changes.
Negative feedback loop - Receptor
Negative feedback loop - Receptor
Component that detects changes in the body away from normal values.
Negative feedback loop - Control Center
Negative feedback loop - Control Center
Organ (often the brain/hypothalamus) that processes information and initiates a response.
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
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Ionic bond
Ionic bond
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Cation
Cation
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Anion
Anion
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Red blood cell in pure water
Red blood cell in pure water
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Negative feedback loop - Effector Response
Negative feedback loop - Effector Response
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Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
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Body organization (increasing complexity)
Body organization (increasing complexity)
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Cell membrane - most abundant molecule
Cell membrane - most abundant molecule
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Organic molecules (greatest variety)
Organic molecules (greatest variety)
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Connective tissue immature cell
Connective tissue immature cell
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Skin layers (penetration order)
Skin layers (penetration order)
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Collagen fibers
Collagen fibers
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Hair growth cells
Hair growth cells
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Adipose tissue in integument
Adipose tissue in integument
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Study of tissues
Study of tissues
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4 types of tissue
4 types of tissue
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Epithelial tissue nutrient delivery
Epithelial tissue nutrient delivery
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Basement membrane layers
Basement membrane layers
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Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
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Synovial membranes - unique
Synovial membranes - unique
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Skin pigmentation cell
Skin pigmentation cell
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Connective tissue matrix
Connective tissue matrix
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Epidermis protein
Epidermis protein
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Mucus producing cells
Mucus producing cells
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Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
- A receptor/sensor detects changes that move the body out of homeostasis.
- The control center, most likely the brain (specifically the hypothalamus), regulates the response.
Negative Feedback Loop
- A negative feedback loop works to maintain homeostasis.
- The effector creates a response that counteracts the initial change that moved the system away from its set point, bringing the system back into balance.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bond: Forms when atoms share electrons.
- Ionic bond: Forms from the attraction between a cation (positively charged ion) and an anion (negatively charged ion).
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. It moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Cations and Anions
- Anions are negatively charged ions (gained electrons).
- Cations are positively charged ions (lost electrons).
- Whether an atom becomes a cation or anion depends on whether it gains or loses electrons.
Red Blood Cell in Pure Water
- A normal red blood cell will swell and potentially burst when placed into pure water due to osmosis. Water will enter the cell.
Negative Feedback System
- The effector creates a response that counteracts the initial change, thus maintaining or restoring balance. This reduces or opposes the initial change.
Protein Synthesis
- Proteins are synthesized by combining amino acids into chains (one or more).
Structural Organization of the Body
- The list of structural organization of the body from simplest to most complex is: Chemical level (atoms and molecules), Cellular level (cells), Tissue level (tissues).
Cell Membrane
- The most abundant molecule in a typical cell membrane is a phospholipid.
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Biomolecules
- Proteins are the family of organic molecules with the greatest variety of functions.
Connective Tissue
- Immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue are called fibroblasts.
- Collagen fibers are a type of protein fiber in connective tissue; they are straight, unbranched, strong, and stretch resistant.
- The hair matrix cells are the living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells, which makes hair grow.
- The hypodermis is a region of the integumentary system that has a large amount of fat/adipose tissue.
- Histology is the scientific study of tissues.
- The four types of tissues in the human body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
- Nutrients and oxygen reach epithelial tissue cells by diffusion.
- Endocrine glands directly secrete their products into the extracellular fluid and blood.
- Synovial membranes are primarily made of connective tissue and do not have an epithelial layer.
Bone Tissue
- Trabeculae is the basic framework of spongy bone.
- The embryonic skeleton is primarily cartilage, and during growth it transforms into an adult skeleton which is primarily made of bone through ossification.
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements of the foot and ankle.
- Osteocytes are found inside the lacunae in both compact and spongy bone.
- Spongy (cancellous) bone contains red bone marrow.
- Older women (post-menopause) are more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (premenopause) due to a decline in estrogen levels.
- Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults are both a result of Vitamin D deficiency, leading to bones not hardening properly.
- Synarthrosis joints are immovable.
Neurons
- A neuron's resting membrane potential is 70mV.
- Myelin is responsible for saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron.
- Dendrites carry stimuli toward the cell body of a neuron.
- The voltage-gated sodium channel is the first channel type to open during an action potential.
- A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a ganglion.
- Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have similar functions.
- Ion movement, specifically K+ ions leaving the inside of a cell, is responsible for the repolarization stage of an action potential.
- A synapse is the point of communication between two neurons.
- Excitable cells can respond to stimuli by generating electrical signals such as action potentials.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of homeostasis, negative feedback loops, and chemical bonds through this quiz. Understand how living organisms maintain internal balance, and learn about the different types of chemical bonds. Test your knowledge on osmosis, cations, and anions.
