Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis?

Relative uniformity of the normal body's internal environment.

What is negative feedback?

Negate a change in a controlled condition.

What is positive feedback?

Amplify the change that is occurring.

What is the structure of an atom?

Nucleus, protons, electrons, neutrons, atomic number, atomic mass. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a molecule?

A group of atoms bound together. Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds?

Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom. Signup and view all the answers

What are ionic bonds?

When an atom donates its outer shell electrons to another atom. Signup and view all the answers

What are covalent bonds?

Forms when atoms share their outer electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What does pH measure?

Percentage of hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main parts of a cell?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Serves as the boundary of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes known as?

Protein factories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum's (ER) function?

Rough ER transports synthesized proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Packages and delivers proteins from the ER. Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria known as?

Powerhouses of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

Cell's digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

What are centrioles involved in?

Cell reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia?

Move substances over the surface of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is flagella?

Propels the sperm through fluids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus's function?

Blueprint of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nucleoli?

Play an essential role in the formation of ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

Produced in mitochondria and releases energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

Does not take energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

Requires energy to move substances uphill. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

Process in which substances scatter themselves evenly throughout available space. Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Process when cells divide to multiply. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell division sequence?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

When the cell is resting from the standpoint of division. Signup and view all the answers

What are tissues?

A group of cells working together. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous. Signup and view all the answers

What does epithelial tissue do?

Covers the body and lines various parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple squamous epithelial?

1 cell thick. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified squamous epithelial?

More than 1 cell thick. Signup and view all the answers

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Rapid communication between body structures. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment within the body.
Negative feedback mechanisms counteract changes in a controlled condition, e.g., sweating and shivering.
Positive feedback mechanisms enhance or amplify changes, such as during labor contractions.

Atomic Structure

Atoms consist of a nucleus, containing protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral), surrounded by electrons (negative).
Atomic number indicates the number of protons, defining the type of atom.
Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together.
Compounds consist of molecules with more than one type of atom.

Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons, leading to attraction between oppositely charged ions (e.g., table salt).
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons, creating more stable structures; these do not easily dissolve in water.

pH Levels

pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
A pH of 7 is neutral; values above 7 are basic, and below 7 are acidic. Blood has a pH of 7.4.

Cell Anatomy

Cells have three main parts: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
The plasma membrane acts as a boundary, with proteins and carbohydrates serving functional roles.
Ribosomes function as protein synthesis sites.

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

Rough ER synthesizes and transports proteins; Smooth ER produces lipids and certain carbohydrates.
Golgi apparatus packages and delivers proteins from the ER, functioning like delivery services.

Energy Production and Cell Functions

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP, the energy currency.
Lysosomes act as the cell's digestive system, breaking down waste materials.
Centrioles are involved in cell reproduction processes.

Cell Movement Structures

Cilia facilitate the movement of substances over cell surfaces.
Flagella, like the tail of a sperm cell, aid in cellular propulsion.

Nucleus and Nucleoli

The nucleus contains the cell's genetic blueprint and directs cellular function.
Nucleoli are crucial for ribosome formation.

Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport (e.g., diffusion, osmosis) does not require energy.
Active transport involves energy usage to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Types of Cell Transport

Diffusion is the scattering of substances to achieve uniformity (e.g., sugar in water).
Osmosis regulates water movement; isotonic solutions have balanced salt and water, while hypertonic solutions draw water out of cells and hypotonic solutions force water into cells.

Cell Division and Tissues

Mitosis is the process of cell division for multiplication.
Cell division consists of phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Interphase is a resting period where DNA replication occurs before mitosis.

Tissue Types

Tissues are groups of cells working together, classified into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines various organs.
Simple squamous epithelial is one cell thick and facilitates substance transport (e.g., in lungs).
Stratified squamous epithelial consists of multiple cell layers (e.g., soles of feet).

Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissues

Connective tissue is the most widespread, found in skin, organs, and bones.
Muscle tissue includes skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary), forming walls of blood vessels and organs.
Nervous tissue enables rapid communication and control of body functions.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 1-3 with these flashcards. This quiz covers fundamental terms like homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, and atomic structure. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biological systems.