Podcast
Questions and Answers
Bigger cells take more time for reactions to take place between ______.
Bigger cells take more time for reactions to take place between ______.
molecules
If reactions do not happen quickly enough, then the cell ______.
If reactions do not happen quickly enough, then the cell ______.
dies
Organelles speed up reactions by sorting ______ into the parts of the cell.
Organelles speed up reactions by sorting ______ into the parts of the cell.
molecules
Cells without organelles cannot be as ______ as cells with organelles.
Cells without organelles cannot be as ______ as cells with organelles.
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The ______ stores the cell’s DNA.
The ______ stores the cell’s DNA.
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The ______ is notable for having a double membrane with nuclear pores.
The ______ is notable for having a double membrane with nuclear pores.
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is an important site for the synthesis of ______.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is an important site for the synthesis of ______.
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The ______ stores some of the cell’s RNA used to make ribosomes.
The ______ stores some of the cell’s RNA used to make ribosomes.
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Active transport uses ______ proteins to move molecules across the membrane.
Active transport uses ______ proteins to move molecules across the membrane.
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In active transport, ATP helps to push molecules against the ______ gradient.
In active transport, ATP helps to push molecules against the ______ gradient.
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Your life begins at the fusion of a sperm and an ______.
Your life begins at the fusion of a sperm and an ______.
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The process by which bacterial cells reproduce is called ______ fission.
The process by which bacterial cells reproduce is called ______ fission.
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Before binary fission occurs, the bacterium makes a copy of its ______.
Before binary fission occurs, the bacterium makes a copy of its ______.
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Bacterial DNA exists as a single, circular ______.
Bacterial DNA exists as a single, circular ______.
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The triangle molecule in the diagram moves from an area of low concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
The triangle molecule in the diagram moves from an area of low concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
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The ______ that results from the fusion of sperm and egg is the precursor to all body cells.
The ______ that results from the fusion of sperm and egg is the precursor to all body cells.
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Mitochondria are thought to be derived from ______
Mitochondria are thought to be derived from ______
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Energy production in eukaryote cells occurs in ______
Energy production in eukaryote cells occurs in ______
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The process of energy production that requires oxygen is called ______
The process of energy production that requires oxygen is called ______
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The ______ stores water and helps maintain cell structure in plant cells
The ______ stores water and helps maintain cell structure in plant cells
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When a vacuole is full, the plant cell becomes ______
When a vacuole is full, the plant cell becomes ______
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Protists are unicellular ______
Protists are unicellular ______
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Fungi have cell walls made of ______
Fungi have cell walls made of ______
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Unicellular fungi are commonly known as ______
Unicellular fungi are commonly known as ______
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Cells spend the vast majority of their time in ______.
Cells spend the vast majority of their time in ______.
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The real action begins during the ______ phase of the cell cycle.
The real action begins during the ______ phase of the cell cycle.
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An identical copy of each chromosome is made during the ______ phase.
An identical copy of each chromosome is made during the ______ phase.
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Once the S phase is completed, the cell cycle moves on to ______ phase.
Once the S phase is completed, the cell cycle moves on to ______ phase.
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During G2 phase, the cell runs its final checks to ensure it is ready for ______.
During G2 phase, the cell runs its final checks to ensure it is ready for ______.
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G1, S, and G2 together are referred to as ______.
G1, S, and G2 together are referred to as ______.
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The process of programmed cell death is known as ______.
The process of programmed cell death is known as ______.
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Apoptosis is sometimes referred to as ______ cell death.
Apoptosis is sometimes referred to as ______ cell death.
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The kidneys are responsible for producing hormones that regulate ______ levels in the blood.
The kidneys are responsible for producing hormones that regulate ______ levels in the blood.
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Waste products collected as urine move from the kidneys to the bladder through the ______.
Waste products collected as urine move from the kidneys to the bladder through the ______.
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Blood enters the kidney from the renal ______, and leaves via the renal vein.
Blood enters the kidney from the renal ______, and leaves via the renal vein.
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The main areas of the kidney include the cortex, medulla, and ______.
The main areas of the kidney include the cortex, medulla, and ______.
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Filtering is performed by microscopic structures called ______, situated across the cortex and the medulla.
Filtering is performed by microscopic structures called ______, situated across the cortex and the medulla.
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When blood enters the kidneys, capillaries are squeezed into a tightly wound structure called a ______.
When blood enters the kidneys, capillaries are squeezed into a tightly wound structure called a ______.
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Essential molecules such as water, glucose, salts, and nutrients are transferred back into the capillary in the proximal convoluted ______.
Essential molecules such as water, glucose, salts, and nutrients are transferred back into the capillary in the proximal convoluted ______.
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The nephron structure performs a balancing function, regulating the return of ______ back into the blood in response to bodily requirements.
The nephron structure performs a balancing function, regulating the return of ______ back into the blood in response to bodily requirements.
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Stomata can control the movement of gases and water in and out of the leaf through the action of opening and closing this is very important as movement of water out of the leaves actually contributes to the continued ability of water to move up the plant from the ______.
Stomata can control the movement of gases and water in and out of the leaf through the action of opening and closing this is very important as movement of water out of the leaves actually contributes to the continued ability of water to move up the plant from the ______.
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Without water exiting at the leaves this could not ______.
Without water exiting at the leaves this could not ______.
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Cells are often able to withstand significant changes in the external environment; however, the slightest changes in the internal environment of a cell are often ______.
Cells are often able to withstand significant changes in the external environment; however, the slightest changes in the internal environment of a cell are often ______.
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Multicellular organisms carefully regulate the internal environment so that cells are able to function ______.
Multicellular organisms carefully regulate the internal environment so that cells are able to function ______.
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Maintaining the internal environment in balance is known as ______.
Maintaining the internal environment in balance is known as ______.
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Feedback loops form the basis of how systems maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the ______.
Feedback loops form the basis of how systems maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the ______.
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The diagram below is a schematic of a ______ loop.
The diagram below is a schematic of a ______ loop.
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In this diagram, we have an imaginary variable that we’ve called ______.
In this diagram, we have an imaginary variable that we’ve called ______.
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Study Notes
ATAR Biology Units 1&2 Course Notes (2023-2025)
- The course notes are published by InStudent Publishing Pty Ltd.
- The notes cover VCE Biology Units 1 & 2.
- The authors are Travis Lines, Fiona Lo, and Daniel Ribeiro.
- The notes are subject to updates as needed.
- Copyright © 2023 InStudent Publishing Pty. Ltd.
Unit 1: How do Organisms Regulate Their Functions?
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How do cells function? This focuses on cellular structure and function.
- Key concept: Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V): As cells grow larger, the SA:V ratio decreases, limiting the rate of exchange of molecules.
- Organelles: Specialized structures within cells with specific functions, such as the nucleus (stores DNA), rough endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein sorting), mitochondria (energy production), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), lysosomes (waste breakdown), vacuoles (storage).
- Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
- Plant vs. animal cells: Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
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How do plant and animal systems function? This explores functioning systems, tissues, and organs.
- Tissues: Groups of cells that perform a similar function form tissues; e.g., muscle tissue.
- Organs: Different tissues work together to form organs; e.g., the heart.
- Systems: Different organs can work together as part of an overall system; e.g., the digestive system.
- Regulation of systems: Key concept of homeostasis, which describes how the body maintains a constant internal environment despite external changes. Emphasizes feedback loops and the stimulus-response model.
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How does inheritance impact on diversity? This explores inheritance and diversity.
- Sexual reproduction: Involves the fusion of gametes to produce genetically unique offspring.
- Meiosis: Process to make gametes (haploid) with halves of the genetic material of the parent, through two divisions (I & II).
- Mitosis: For replicating somatic cells with identical DNA content.
- Crossing over: Exchange of genetic material in homologous chromosomes during meiosis, promoting genetic variation.
- Independent assortment: Random alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic variation.
- Sex-linked traits: Genes found on sex chromosomes (X or Y), affecting inheritance patterns differently between males and females.
- Inheritance patterns: The notes detail inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and Y-linked.
- Polygenic inheritance: Many genes are involved in a trait, creating continuous variation (e.g., height).
Unit 2: How does Inheritance Impact on Diversity?
- How is inheritance explained? This examines the fundamentals of inheritance and related concepts.
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How do inherited adaptations impact on diversity? This investigates the connections between inheritance and diversity.
- Reproductive strategies: Different methods of reproduction.
- Asexual reproduction: Quick, but less diverse offspring.
- Sexual reproduction: Slower, more diverse offspring.
- Cloning: Creating genetically identical offspring.
- Adaptation types: Structural, Physiological, and Behavioral
- Interdependencies: Recognizing that species are connected within a community, with mutualistic and competitive relationships (food webs, keystone species).
Research Methods
- Scientific research The core steps of scientific processes.
- Investigation design: Experiments and case studies, examining confounding variables and the placebo effect.
- Measuring stuff: Precision, accuracy, and validity of measurements, with error sources (systematic and random) discussed.
- Ethical considerations: Emphasizes ethical principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect, when conducting research. This section stresses the significance of the responsible conduct of science, and why these principles are necessary.
Exam Tips
- Tips for effective studying: active recall, trial exams, and clear note-taking are recommended.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell structure and function, including the roles of organelles, DNA storage, and the process of cell reproduction. Test your knowledge on how cells manage reactions and transport molecules, along with other key cellular processes.
