Cell Biology Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Generation of energy through cellular respiration (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Cell membrane separation
  • Storage of genetic material
  • What type of molecule provides energy, structure, and storage in cells?

  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • What is the term for the passing of traits from parents to offspring?

  • Evolution
  • Heredity (correct)
  • Inheritance
  • Genetics
  • What is the process by which water is transported in plants?

    <p>Transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the community of living and nonliving components in an ecosystem?

    <p>Ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cells

    • Basic units of life
    • Contain genetic material (DNA or RNA)
    • Have cell membrane that separates internal environment from external environment
    • Can be prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic (has nucleus)

    Cellular Organelles

    • Nucleus: contains genetic material
    • Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
    • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste

    Biological Molecules

    • Carbohydrates: provide energy, structure, and storage
      • Examples: glucose, cellulose, starch
    • Proteins: perform various functions, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural components
      • Examples: hemoglobin, insulin, collagen
    • Nucleic acids: contain genetic information
      • Examples: DNA, RNA
    • Lipids: provide energy, structure, and insulation
      • Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

    Genetics

    • Heredity: passing of traits from parents to offspring
    • Genes: units of heredity that carry information
    • Alleles: different forms of a gene
    • Dominant and recessive genes: impact of alleles on phenotype
    • Punnett squares: tool for predicting genotype and phenotype

    Evolution

    • Change in species over time through natural selection and genetic drift
    • Mechanisms of evolution:
      • Mutation
      • Gene flow
      • Genetic drift
      • Natural selection
    • Evidence for evolution:
      • Fossil record
      • Comparative anatomy
      • Molecular biology

    Ecosystems

    • Communities of living and nonliving components
    • Energy flow: producers, consumers, decomposers
    • Nutrient cycling: carbon, nitrogen, water
    • Interactions: symbiosis, competition, predation

    Biological Processes

    • Photosynthesis: conversion of light energy into chemical energy
    • Cellular respiration: conversion of chemical energy into ATP
    • Fermentation: anaerobic breakdown of glucose
    • Transpiration: water transport in plants

    Biological Systems

    • Nervous system: control and coordination
    • Circulatory system: transport of oxygen and nutrients
    • Immune system: defense against pathogens
    • Digestive system: breakdown and absorption of nutrients

    Cellular Structure

    • Cells are the basic units of life, containing genetic material (DNA or RNA)
    • Cells have a cell membrane that separates the internal environment from the external environment
    • Cells can be prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic (has a nucleus)

    Cellular Organelles

    • Nucleus: contains genetic material
    • Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and transport
    • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste

    Biological Molecules

    • Carbohydrates:
      • Provide energy, structure, and storage
      • Examples: glucose, cellulose, starch
    • Proteins:
      • Perform various functions, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural components
      • Examples: hemoglobin, insulin, collagen
    • Nucleic acids:
      • Contain genetic information
      • Examples: DNA, RNA
    • Lipids:
      • Provide energy, structure, and insulation
      • Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

    Genetics

    • Heredity: passing of traits from parents to offspring
    • Genes: units of heredity that carry information
    • Alleles: different forms of a gene
    • Dominant and recessive genes: impact of alleles on phenotype
    • Punnett squares: tool for predicting genotype and phenotype

    Evolution

    • Change in species over time through natural selection and genetic drift
    • Mechanisms of evolution:
      • Mutation
      • Gene flow
      • Genetic drift
      • Natural selection
    • Evidence for evolution:
      • Fossil record
      • Comparative anatomy
      • Molecular biology

    Ecosystems

    • Communities of living and nonliving components
    • Energy flow:
      • Producers
      • Consumers
      • Decomposers
    • Nutrient cycling:
      • Carbon
      • Nitrogen
      • Water
    • Interactions:
      • Symbiosis
      • Competition
      • Predation

    Biological Processes

    • Photosynthesis: conversion of light energy into chemical energy
    • Cellular respiration: conversion of chemical energy into ATP
    • Fermentation: anaerobic breakdown of glucose
    • Transpiration: water transport in plants

    Biological Systems

    • Nervous system: control and coordination
    • Circulatory system: transport of oxygen and nutrients
    • Immune system: defense against pathogens
    • Digestive system: breakdown and absorption of nutrients

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    Get familiar with the basic units of life, including cell structure, organelles, and their functions. Test your understanding of cells, cellular respiration, and protein synthesis.

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