Cell Biology: Organelles and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cytoplasm?

  • Store genetic information
  • Facilitate metabolic reactions (correct)
  • Synthesize DNA
  • Control cell division

    • Which component of the nucleus is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA?

  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleolus (correct)
  • Centrosome
  • Chromatin

    • What are microtubules primarily composed of?

  • Collagen
  • Actin
  • Myosin
  • Tubulin (correct)

    • Which part of the cytoskeleton is involved in cell movement and shape?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure propels cells, such as sperm, through fluid?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell division, chromatin condenses to form what structure?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for removing waste materials from the cell?

    <p>Lysosome activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mitochondrial dysfunction affect cellular respiration?

    <p>It leads to decreased ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the patient in the mitochondrial dysfunction case experience elevated lactic acid levels?

    <p>Increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cell cycle checkpoints in preventing cancer?

    <p>To correct DNA damage before division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might mutations in genes regulating the G1 phase contribute to tumor growth?

    <p>By enabling uncontrolled cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mitochondrial myopathy?

    <p>Characterized by energy deficits in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microvilli in intestinal cells?

    <p>Increasing the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle occur within the cell?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?

    <p>Golgi complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes produces ATP in the mitochondria?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?

    <p>Digesting waste materials and recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is removed during mRNA processing?

    <p>Introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do sister chromatids separate?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Reduction of chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Decoding mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phases occurs before mitosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

    <p>Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division results in four genetically diverse cells?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organelles and Cellular Processes

    • Cells have essential organelles, crucial for function, replication, and response to the environment
    • Organelles include cytoplasm, nucleus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and mitochondria
    • These organelles facilitate key cellular processes: protein synthesis, DNA replication, and cell division

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance, excluding the nucleus
    • Contains cytosol, organelles and various molecules
    • Site of metabolic reactions
    • Provides medium for organelle suspension

    Nucleus

    • Nucleus is the cell's control center, housing the cell's DNA
    • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear pores
    • Pores allow material exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm
    • Components include:
      • Nuclear Envelope: double lipid bilayer separating nucleus from cytoplasm
      • Nucleolus: dense region synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosome assembly
      • Chromatin: DNA and proteins that condense into chromosomes during cell division

    Cytoskeleton

    • Provides structural support, enabling movement, and facilitating intracellular transport
    • Components include microfilaments (actin), involved in cell movement, shape, and division

    Microtubules

    • Hollow tubes made of tubulin
    • Maintain cell shape, allow intracellular transport, and are crucial during cell division (mitotic spindle)

    Centrosome

    • Organizes microtubules
    • Contains centrioles, key in organizing the mitotic spindle

    Cilia and Flagella

    • Cilia: short, hair-like structures moving fluid or cells
    • Flagella: long, whip-like structures propelling cells

    Microvilli

    • Finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
    • Increase surface area (absorption, particularly in intestinal cells)

    Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis (mRNA translation to polypeptides)
    • Found free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, modifies/synthesizes proteins for plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretion
      • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage

    Golgi Complex

    • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the ER
    • Transports them to different destinations within or outside the cell

    Lysosomes and Mitochondria

    • Lysosomes: membrane-bound organelles
    • Contain digestive enzymes for waste material removal, cellular debris, foreign substances (cellular waste disposal and recycling)
    • Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell
    • Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain)

    Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: first stage, breaks down glucose in cytoplasm, producing ATP and NADH
    • Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle): occurs in mitochondria
    • Oxidizes acetyl-CoA, produces ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and releases CO₂
    • Electron transport chain: inner mitochondrial membrane
    • Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to proteins, generating a proton gradient
    • Drives ATP synthesis, oxygen serves as final electron acceptor (forming water)

    DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores genetic information, guides protein synthesis and cell replication
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid): transmits genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
    • mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
    • Protein Synthesis:
      • Transcription: mRNA synthesis from a DNA template in the nucleus.
      • mRNA processing: splicing, 5' cap, poly-A tail additions
      • Translation: ribosomes synthesize proteins by decoding mRNA

    DNA Replication and Cell Division

    • DNA replication during S phase (cell cycle) ensures identical copies for daughter cells
    • Cell division:
      • Somatic cell division (mitosis): single cell to two identical daughter cells
        • Interphase: G1, S, G2 phases (cell growth, DNA synthesis, pre-division preparation)
        • Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
      • Control of cell division regulated by checkpoints and signals
      • Necrosis (uncontrolled cell death from injury) and Apoptosis (programmede cell death)
      • Reproductive cell division (meiosis): half chromosome number in gametes (sperm/eggs)

    Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

    • Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production
    • DNA replication occurs in the S phase

    Clinical Cases

    • Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, exercise intolerance, and elevated lactic acid levels

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    Cell Organelles and Cellular Processes PDF

    Description

    Explore essential organelles within cells, including the cytoplasm and nucleus. Understand their functions in protein synthesis, DNA replication, and cell division. This quiz covers the key processes and components vital for cellular operations.

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