Biology Chapter: Cell Structure and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of microfilaments in a cell?

  • Aid in locomotion and movement of substances. (correct)
  • Facilitate understanding of genetic material.
  • Organize spindle fibers during mitosis.
  • Provide structural support. (correct)

What is the structure that organizes spindle fibers during mitosis?

  • Centrioles (correct)
  • Microfilaments
  • Cell wall
  • Cilia

What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Chitin

Which structure is NOT present in animal cells?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure facilitates cell movement in many organisms?

<p>Flagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

<p>Production of ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of microtubules and microfilaments allows cells to change shape?

<p>Dynamic assembly and disassembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell wall of prokaryotic cells?

<p>It provides structural support and maintains cell shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of autolysis primarily responsible for?

<p>Self-destructing damaged or dying cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is directly involved in the modification and folding of proteins?

<p>Rough ER (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages occurs in cellular respiration?

<p>Citric acid cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lysosomes play in a cell?

<p>Degrading and recycling cellular debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of photosynthesis in plant cells?

<p>Synthesis of glucose from light energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes what happens to NAD⁺ during cellular respiration?

<p>It gains electrons and is reduced to NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mitochondria play beyond ATP production?

<p>Influencing gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the transport of proteins to their destinations?

<p>Vesicular transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory regarding mitochondria and chloroplasts?

<p>They have double membranes and their own DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Simpler structure with no nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?

<p>Maintains membrane fluidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?

<p>They contain membrane-bound organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>To form a selective barrier for substance movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the movement of water through aquaporins?

<p>Osmosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism does not require energy?

<p>Facilitated diffusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the plasma membrane aids in cell recognition?

<p>Carbohydrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the C4 photosynthetic pathway?

<p>It minimizes water loss in hot climates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does isocitrate dehydrogenase play in cellular respiration?

<p>It catalyzes a key step in the Krebs cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the Calvin Cycle?

<p>It synthesizes carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are net gained?

<p>2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the 'splitting' step of glycolysis?

<p>A 6-carbon compound splits into two 3-carbon molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the CAM photosynthetic pathway?

<p>CO₂ is absorbed at night and released during the day. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>To convert light into chemical energy and produce ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of the preparatory reaction where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Krebs Cycle, how many CO₂ molecules are released per cycle?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxygen play in the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>It serves as a final electron acceptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net yield of ATP from one glucose molecule after two turns of the Krebs Cycle?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions for animal cells?

<p>It is converted into lactic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are generated from each NADH molecule in eukaryotes during aerobic respiration?

<p>3 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of ATP production shifting to glycolysis when oxygen is deprived?

<p>Decreased efficiency of ATP production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is primarily produced during alcohol fermentation?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

<p>Generates oxygen and glucose from light energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP?

<p>Substrate-level phosphorylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, how many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose through cellular respiration?

<p>36 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts the efficiency of material exchange in cells as they grow larger?

<p>Surface area-to-volume ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge faced by large cells in terms of transport?

<p>Slow diffusion over large distances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation is true?

<p>It uses ATP synthase to produce ATP using energy from electron carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant scientific breakthrough related to photosynthesis?

<p>Photosynthesis efficiency was enhanced by disabling protective mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endosymbiotic Theory

A theory explaining the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts within eukaryotic cells. It proposes that these organelles were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

These organelles have their own DNA, double membranes, and reproduce independently, providing further evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simpler cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are thought to resemble the earliest life forms on Earth.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells with a nucleus containing DNA and multiple membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus.

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Plasma Membrane

The outermost boundary of a cell, made of a phospholipid bilayer. It acts as a selective barrier, controlling the entry and exit of substances while maintaining the cell's internal environment.

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Diffusion

A passive transport mechanism where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, across the plasma membrane. This movement requires no energy.

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Osmosis

A passive transport mechanism involving the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow the passage of specific substances, including water, across the membrane.

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Microtubules

Rod-like structures made of tubulin proteins, found in eukaryotic cells.

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Microfilaments

Thin filaments composed of actin protein, found in eukaryotic cells.

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Centrioles

Paired cylindrical structures made of microtubules, involved in cell division.

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Cilia

Short, hair-like structures on the cell surface, involved in movement.

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Flagella

Long, whip-like structures on the cell surface, involved in movement.

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Plant Cell Wall

A rigid, protective layer outside the plasma membrane of plant cells, composed of cellulose.

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Bacterial Cell Wall

A rigid, protective layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, composed of peptidoglycan.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities.

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What is autolysis?

Self-destruction of a cell by its own enzymes, primarily from lysosomes.

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What is a lysosome's function?

Organelle responsible for breaking down cellular waste and foreign materials.

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What is cellular respiration?

The process of converting glucose into ATP, the cell's energy currency.

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What is the mitochondria's function?

The organelle responsible for cellular respiration.

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What is photosynthesis?

The process of capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy stored in sugars.

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What is the chloroplast's function?

The organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

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What is a reduced molecule?

A molecule gains electrons; think of NAD+ becoming NADH.

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What is an oxidized molecule?

A molecule loses electrons; think of NADH becoming NAD+.

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Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP, powering cellular activities.

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CAM pathway

A specialized pathway in plants that conserves water by fixing CO₂ at night and using it for photosynthesis during the day.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.

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C4 pathway

A metabolic pathway that utilizes a 4-carbon compound to enhance carbon fixation and reduce photorespiration in plants.

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Enzymes in cellular respiration

Enzymes that catalyze specific reactions in cellular respiration, facilitating the breakdown of glucose into energy.

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Cellular Respiration Equation

A chemical equation summarizing the process of cellular respiration, showing the reactants, products, and energy output.

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Anaerobic Respiration

The production of ATP in the absence of oxygen, a less efficient energy-yielding process than aerobic respiration.

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Preparatory Reaction

A process that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a key link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix. It breaks down acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2. This cycle is central to aerobic respiration.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The final stage of aerobic respiration that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient across the membrane, which drives ATP synthesis.

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Effect of Oxygen Deprivation

When cells lack oxygen, the electron transport chain halts. ATP production shifts to glycolysis, leading to less ATP. In animals, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue.

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Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

A process that regenerates NAD+ to sustain glycolysis when oxygen is unavailable. It occurs in various organisms and involves converting pyruvate into different products depending on the type of fermentation.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted into lactic acid. It occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise and results in muscle fatigue.

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Alcohol Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is commonly used by yeast in the production of alcohol.

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Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A method of ATP production where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a substrate molecule to ADP.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

A method of ATP production that uses an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, driven by energy from electron carriers.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The ratio between a cell's surface area and its volume.

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Cell Size Limitations

A limitation on cell size due to the decreasing efficiency of material exchange as the cell grows.

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Genetic Engineering in Photosynthesis

Genetic manipulation to enhance photosynthesis efficiency by disabling protective mechanisms.

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Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Interdependence

The interdependence of photosynthesis and cellular respiration where one process provides reactants for the other.

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Study Notes

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Description

Test your knowledge of cellular anatomy and functions with this quiz. Explore the roles of various organelles, the structure of cell walls, and the processes that occur within cells. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.

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