Practice Exam 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the chromosome(s) shown below?

  • Pair of unduplicated, non-homologous chromosomes
  • Pair of duplicated, homologous chromosomes (correct)
  • Pair of unduplicated, homologous chromosomes
  • Pair of duplicated, non-homologous chromosomes

    • G0 is associated with which of the following cellular events?

  • The beginning of mitosis
  • Break down of the nuclear membrane
  • DNA replication
  • Normal growth and cell function (correct)

    • Which phase of the cell cycle is shown in the picture below?

  • Cytokinesis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
  • Interphase

    • Which of the following describes the correct order of events taking place during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>6, 2, 4, 5, 1, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the letter 'F' represent in the diagram of a replication fork?

    <p>Okazaki fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical separation of the cytoplasm and its components into two daughter cells is called __________________.

    <p>cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete the complementary DNA strand based on the template strand: 5'- A G C T T A C G T C - 3'.

    <p>3' - T C G A A T G C A G - 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the famous photograph 51 used for?

    <p>To develop the double-helical model of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA replication differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Each eukaryotic chromosome contains multiple origins of replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Determine the first four amino acids synthesized from the above sequence.

    <p>Methionine - Alanine - Phenylalanine - Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much DNA is present in a cell during the G1 phase?

    <p>One copy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which checkpoint does the cell check that spindle fibers are attached to each sister chromatid?

    <p>M checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an anti-codon that would be associated with the amino acid glycine?

    <p>CCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication is 'semi-conservative'. What does this mean?

    <p>Both DNA strands are used as a template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the structure of DNA?

    <p>The backbone of DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT accurately describe prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

    <p>Prokaryotic chromosomes are made of single stranded DNA, and eukaryotic chromosomes are made of double stranded DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human genome project?

    <p>International research project aimed at mapping and sequencing the human genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the central dogma, genetic information flows from:

    <p>DNA to RNA to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A normal positive cell regulator gene that becomes mutated and allows for uncontrolled cell proliferation is called a(n):

    <p>Oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different versions of the same gene are known as ______________.

    <p>alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform around decondensing chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sister chromatids?

    <p>Sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guanine is a _______________ and is complementary to _______________.

    <p>purine; cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosome number is indicative of complexity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single-stranded RNA molecule that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis is:

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is shown in the diagram below?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examine the diagram shown below. What structure is labeled A?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are errors in DNA replication repaired?

    <p>By DNA polymerase proofreading and replacing incorrect nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gene expression differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Transcription and translation take place simultaneously in prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genetic code is often described as _______________ and _______________.

    <p>highly conserved; redundant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of RNA splicing?

    <p>Multiple RNAs can be produced from a single gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids will the protein made from this sequence have? 5' - G U U A U A U G G C G U U U C C G C A U A G C U A A G U U C - 3'

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerase III?

    <p>DNA polymerase III uses parental DNA as a template to synthesize a new DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To produce two genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcription?

    <p>RNA synthesis under the direction of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells reproduce by:

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the human genome?

    <p>The human genome has approximately 90,000 genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the cell cycle, which phase is characterized by cell growth and duplication of organelles?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chromosomes

    • A duplicated homologous chromosome pair contains two chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids.

    Cell Cycle

    • G0 phase is associated with normal growth and cellular function.
    • Cytokinesis is the physical separation of the cytoplasm and its components into two daughter cells.

    DNA Replication

    • The letter "F" in a replication fork diagram represents an Okazaki fragment.
    • Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
    • DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
    • DNA polymerase III uses parental DNA as a template to synthesize a new DNA strand.

    DNA Structure

    • The backbone of DNA is held together by phosphodiester bonds.
    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.
    • Chromatin is composed of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
    • DNA is double stranded, directional, and antiparallel.

    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosomes

    • Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear.
    • Prokaryotes have a single chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes.
    • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes utilize the same nucleotides and share the same genetic code..
    • Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of double-stranded DNA.

    Human Genome Project

    • The human genome project was a global research project aimed at mapping and sequencing the human genome.

    Mitosis

    • During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down.
    • During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible.
    • During metaphase, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
    • During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles.
    • During telophase, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the nuclear envelope reforms around decondensing chromosomes.
    • Sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome.
    • The M checkpoint ensures that spindle fibers are attached to each sister chromatid.
    • Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
    • The purpose of mitosis is cell growth and repair.

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis under the direction of DNA.
    • Translation is the process of protein synthesis under the direction of RNA.
    • The genetic code is highly-conserved and redundant.
    • RNA splicing allows for multiple RNAs to be produced from a single gene.

    Gene Expression

    • In prokaryotes, transcription and translation take place simultaneously.
    • Prokaryotic mRNAs are not modified before being translated.
    • Eukaryotes perform translation in the cytoplasm.
    • Prokaryotic genes do not contain introns and exons.

    Human Genome

    • The human genome has approximately 20,000 genes.
    • The size of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.
    • The human genome includes 22 pairs of autosomes and a set of sex chromosomes.
    • Only about 2% of the human genome codes for proteins.

    Cell Cycle

    • The G1 phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and duplication of organelles.
    • The S phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication.
    • The G2 phase of the cell cycle is characterized by continued cell growth and preparation for mitosis.

    Prokaryotic Reproduction

    • Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission.

    Genetic Terms

    • A proto-oncogene is a normal positive cell regulator gene that becomes mutated and allows for uncontrolled cell proliferation.
    • An oncogene is a mutated proto-oncogene that contributes to cancer.
    • A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that normally helps to control cell growth and division.
    • An allele is a different version of the same gene.

    Other

    • Guanine is a purine and is complementary to cytosine.
    • The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
    • tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

    Note:

    • Not all information provided within the document is included in the summary.
    • The notes highlight key terms and facts from the text.
    • Certain sections within the document do not include any information that necessitates summarization.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of DNA, chromosomes, and the cell cycle. This quiz covers essential concepts such as DNA replication, chromatin structure, and the role of Okazaki fragments. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of molecular biology.

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