Biology Chapter 5 Endocrine System Flashcards
77 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are direct hormones from the anterior pituitary gland? (Select all that apply)

  • I and III
  • I, II and III
  • II only
  • II and III (correct)

    • Which of the following hormones is an antagonist to Aldosterone and Vasopressin, increasing sodium excretion without affecting osmolarity?

  • Erythropoietin
  • Somatostatin
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (correct)
  • Thymosin

    • True or false? There are other physical conditions, like pregnancy, that can permanently affect tropic and other hormone concentrations.

    False

    True or false: The hypophyseal portal system is used by the hypothalamus to communicate with the posterior pituitary gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormone classes vary the most in size, are made in the Rough ER, and are later packaged in the Golgi before vesicular release?

    <p>Polypeptides/proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare Type I and Type II Diabetes.

    <p>Type I Diabetes is when the beta-cells are destroyed, leading to no insulin production; Type II Diabetes is when there is resistance in insulin signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are symptoms NOT reported by patients with untreated Diabetes Insipidus?

    <p>Sweet-tasting urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare tropic hormones from the pituitary gland to the direct hormones released by other endocrine glands.

    <p>Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands, while direct hormones act on specific target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the previous descriptions, Type I Diabetics are _______________, whereas Type II Diabetics are _____________.

    <p>Insulin-Dependent, Insulin-Independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disease states would NOT be caused by altered Growth Hormone levels?

    <p>Ricketts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a way that hormone levels are regulated in the body?

    <p>Digested in small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because of their __________ nature, the protein class of hormones have receptors located ____________.

    <p>Charged, in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a negative feedback loop, how is the upstream endocrine gland given feedback?

    <p>Via receptors on the upstream endocrine gland for the downstream hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because of their __________ nature, the steroid class of hormones have receptors located ____________.

    <p>Non-polar, intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false? To have an effect, hormones must be very concentrated in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false? There are also some instances where pituitary hormones can act in a positive-feedback loop, like with Oxytocin and breastfeeding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false? The hypothalamus also secretes Releasing and Inhibiting Factors to affect the release of other tropic hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands is most likely going to be affected after digesting a meal with a large amount of sugar?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Endocrine System relies upon receptors for the hormones to have an effect on the cells. Which of the following scenarios is this most similar to?

    <p>A tablet needs to hook up to WiFi before it can access social media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of the Gonads in the Endocrine System?

    <p>Production of Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are water-conserving hormones?

    <p>I and II only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland before release?

    <p>I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the proper order of action for most steroid hormones after entering the cell?

    <p>III, I, II, IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of Tyrosine Derivative?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare and contrast the mechanism and effects of the secondary messenger system and primary messenger system.

    <p>The secondary messenger system amplifies signals through a series of reactions, while the primary messenger system involves direct binding to intracellular receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would best describe a T-cell's activation by the Interleukin-2 it secreted?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False? A downstream hormone could inhibit multiple upstream endocrine glands, and this redundancy shows the importance of feedback inhibition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the proper name for that feedback control loop with hormones?

    <p>Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how the majority of protein and steroid hormones will travel in the blood?

    <p>Due to differences in polarity, protein hormones travel freely in the blood and steroids must be bound to binding proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands is most likely going to be affected after digesting a meal with a large amount of calcium?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martha visited her primary care physician because she was having issues with being dehydrated and not able to breastfeed her newborn. Which of the following endocrine glands does the doctor think is malfunctioning?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the nervous system and endocrine system, focusing on speed and duration.

    <p>The Nervous System acts quickly and its effects are short-lived, while the Endocrine System takes longer to act but has longer-lasting effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clearly, there is some redundancy in hormonal actions. Which of the following statements is NOT ALWAYS true?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wait, if the steroids can enter any cell, how is specificity of action possible?

    <p>Steroids will only cause an effect in cells with their intracellular receptors expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands is improperly matched to its function?

    <p>Adrenal medulla - producing steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a tyrosine derivative?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are types of hormones produced by the Adrenal cortex?

    <p>I, II, and III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A G-Protein falls under which of the following classes?

    <p>Secondary Messenger System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are peptide hormones able to travel freely in the bloodstream?

    <p>They are water soluble so they travel freely in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptide hormones are derived from a single type of modified amino acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of a secondary messenger?

    <p>Phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do hormones do?

    <p>They bind to receptors and induce a change in gene expression or cellular functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After steroid hormones bind to receptors they form a hormone-receptor complex which is responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Altering transcription of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones have a slower but long-lasting effect compared to peptide hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroids are lipid soluble. How are they moved through the bloodstream?

    <p>They are carried by proteins through the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The levels of carrier proteins don't affect the levels of active peptide hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by the ________ and connected to the posterior pituitary by the ________.

    <p>Hypophyseal portal system, hypophyseal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are delivered to the posterior pituitary vs anterior pituitary?

    <p>Posterior pituitary: ADH and oxytocin; Anterior pituitary: PRH, PIH, TRH, CRH, GHTH, GHIH, GnRH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another name for PIH is

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>FLAT PEG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of FSH in female and male development?

    <p>Promotes development of follicles and spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of LH in female and male development?

    <p>Promotes ovulation, promotes testosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endorphins produce a feeling of euphoria that can be experienced as a 'runner's high'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endorphins increase pain sensation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give two examples of when oxytocin is released.

    <p>Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth; during sucking, oxytocin stimulates the mammary gland to eject milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin undergoes a positive feedback loop.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a mechanism that causes ADH to be produced and released?

    <p>II. High BV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When ADH is released, it binds to V1 and V2 receptors. What are their functions?

    <p>V1: causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure; V2: causes water reabsorption in kidneys leading to increased blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH does not change the osmolarity of blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase.

    <p>Thyroglobulin is the protein that T3 and T4 bind to for cellular uptake; thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme that iodizes tyrosine to produce T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are functions of thyroid hormones?

    <p>I, II, III, and IV only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cretinism is a form of ________ caused by ______ deficiency.

    <p>Hypothyroidism, iodine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare calcitonin and PTH.

    <p>Calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+ levels; PTH increases blood Ca2+ levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of calcitonin action?

    <ol> <li>Increases kidney excretion of Ca2+ in urine. 2. Decreases Ca2+ absorption in intestines. 3. Increases Ca2+ storage in bones.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of PTH action?

    <ol> <li>Indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity to increase bone resorption. 2. Increases renal Ca2+ absorption. 3. Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ by increasing Vitamin D3 synthesis.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does calbindin serve?

    <p>Calbindin mediates intestinal absorption of Ca2+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the effects of cortisol on the following: Immune system, Liver, Muscle, Adipose tissue.

    <p>Cortisol causes immune system suppression, gluconeogenesis in liver, protein catabolism in muscle, and lipolysis in adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is calcium balance affected in hypercortisolism?

    <p>Negative calcium balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone is regulated by ACTH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low BP directly stimulates granular cells to release renin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the downstream effects of ANG2 on the following: Arterioles, CVCC, Adrenal Cortex, Hypothalamus, Proximal tubule.

    <p>ANG2 causes vasoconstriction, increases sympathetic and decreases parasympathetic response (increasing heart rate and blood pressure), increases aldosterone (leading to Na+ reabsorption), increases ADH and thirst, and increases Na+ reabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RAAS, _____ converts angiotensinogen to ANG1 which is then converted into ANG2 via _____.

    <p>Renin, ACE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of somatostatin?

    <p>Inhibits insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cell types in the pancreas and what do they secrete?

    <p>Alpha cells --&gt; secrete glucagon, Beta cells --&gt; secrete insulin, Delta cells --&gt; secrete somatostatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricles of the heart secrete ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the action of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>Performs the opposite action as aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the purpose of thymosin?

    <p>T cell development and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

    • Direct hormones include Prolactin and Growth Hormone, while TSH is a tropic hormone.
    • Remember "FLAT PEG": Tropic hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) vs. direct hormones (Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone).

    Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

    • Acts as an antagonist to Aldosterone and Vasopressin, promoting sodium and water excretion.
    • It is released in response to high blood pressure.

    Hormonal Effects During Pregnancy

    • Certain physical conditions, such as pregnancy, can transiently alter hormone levels but not permanently.

    Hypophyseal Portal System

    • Used for communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary.

    Polypeptides/Proteins

    • Hormones in this class can vary significantly in size and are synthesized in the Rough ER, packaged in the Golgi, and released via vesicles.

    Diabetes Comparison

    • Type I Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, leading to no insulin production.
    • Type II Diabetes: Insulin resistance at the receptor level but insulin is still produced.

    Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms

    • Typical symptoms include increased thirst (polydipsia) and increased urine production (polyuria).
    • Sweet-tasting urine and hyperglycemia are associated with Diabetes Mellitus, not Insipidus.

    Tropic vs. Direct Hormones

    • Tropic hormones from the pituitary stimulate other endocrine glands, while direct hormones exert effects on target cells.

    Insulin Dependency

    • Type I Diabetics are insulin-dependent, while Type II Diabetics can be insulin-independent.

    Growth Hormone Effects

    • Conditions caused by altered Growth Hormone levels include Dwarfism, Acromegaly, and Gigantism.
    • Ricketts is associated with Vitamin D deficiency, not Growth Hormone.

    Hormone Regulation Methods

    • Hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback loops, metabolism in the liver, and filtration by the kidneys.

    Hormone Receptor Locations

    • Charged protein hormones have receptors on the cell membrane, while non-polar steroid hormones have intracellular receptors.

    Negative Feedback Loops

    • Upstream endocrine glands receive feedback via specific receptors for downstream hormones.

    Feedback Control Systems

    • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Axis is essential in regulating hormonal feedback.

    Steroid Hormones Characteristics

    • Steroid hormones, synthesized from cholesterol, have a distinctive cyclic structure.

    Primary vs. Secondary Messenger Systems

    • Primary messengers (protein hormones) bind to cell surface receptors, while secondary messengers (like cAMP) amplify the signal within the cell.

    Autocrine Hormone Signaling

    • A hormone like Interleukin-2 acting on the same cell that produced it exemplifies autocrine signaling.

    Integration of CNS and Endocrine System

    • The Hypothalamus serves as a control center connecting the nervous system and endocrine system.

    Structural Classifications of Hormones

    • Major hormone classes: Polypeptides/proteins, Steroids, and Tyrosine Derivatives; Tryptophan derivatives are not included.

    Protein and Steroid Hormone Transport

    • Protein hormones are soluble and travel freely in the bloodstream, while steroids require binding proteins due to their lipophilic nature.

    Calcium Control Post-Digestion

    • The parathyroid hormone responds to low calcium levels, not elevated levels after a high-calcium meal.

    Hypothalamus Functions

    • Responsible for producing ADH and oxytocin, both critical for hydration and breastfeeding functions.

    Nervous System vs. Endocrine System

    • The nervous system acts quickly but has short-duration effects; the endocrine system works more slowly but effects are longer-lasting.

    Redundancy in Hormonal Actions

    • Some hormones can have overlapping functions, enhancing regulatory accuracy and speed in homeostasis maintenance.

    Specificity of Steroid Hormones

    • Strict specificity is achieved through the presence of specific intracellular receptors in target cells.

    Adrenal Gland Functions

    • The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline); steroids are produced by the adrenal cortex.

    Types of Tyrosine Derivatives

    • Tyrosine derivatives include Thyroxine (T3), T4, and Epinephrine, while Cortisol is a steroid hormone.

    Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex

    • Key classes produced include Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids.### Sex Hormones
    • The Adrenal Cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones (androgens and estrogens).
    • Glucocorticoids aid in glucose homeostasis; mineralocorticoids manage water and salt balance.

    G-Protein

    • G-Proteins function as part of the secondary messenger system.
    • They are linked to G-protein coupled receptors.

    Peptide Hormones

    • Water-soluble, allowing free movement in the bloodstream.
    • Derived from polypeptides that undergo post-translational modifications.

    Secondary Messengers

    • cAMP, Ca2+, diacylglycerol (DAG), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) are examples of secondary messengers.
    • Phospholipase C is a primary effector, not a secondary messenger.

    Hormonal Function

    • Hormones induce changes in gene expression or cellular function by binding to receptors.

    Steroid Hormones

    • Generate a hormone-receptor complex that alters gene transcription upon binding to receptors.
    • Steroid hormones have longer-lasting effects compared to peptide hormones.
    • Lipid-soluble steroids are transported in the bloodstream by carrier proteins.

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Connection

    • The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system and to the posterior pituitary via the hypophyseal tract.
    • Posterior pituitary hormones include ADH and oxytocin; anterior pituitary hormones include FSH, LH, ACTH, and more.

    Hormone Functions

    • FSH promotes follicle development in females and spermatogenesis in males.
    • LH stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.
    • Endorphins induce feelings of euphoria and decrease pain sensation.
    • Oxytocin is released during childbirth and breastfeeding and operates on a positive feedback loop.

    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • ADH production is stimulated by low blood pressure and increased osmolarity but not by high blood volume.
    • V1 receptors cause vasoconstriction; V2 receptors promote water reabsorption in kidneys.

    Thyroid Hormones

    • Functions include increasing metabolic activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and O2 consumption.
    • Thyroglobulin binds T3 and T4 for cellular uptake; thyroid peroxidase catalyzes iodine addition to tyrosine.

    Calcium Regulation

    • Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases it.
    • PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, renal calcium absorption, and vitamin D3 synthesis.

    Cortisol's Effects

    • Cortisol suppresses the immune system and promotes gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, and lipolysis.
    • In hypercortisolism, there is a negative calcium balance leading to increased osteoporosis risk.

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

    • Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG1, which is converted to ANG2 by ACE.
    • ANG2 functions include vasoconstriction, increased sympathetic activity, aldosterone secretion, and enhanced renal function.

    Somatostatin and Pancreatic Function

    • Somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon.
    • Pancreas cell types: alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin).

    Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

    • Secretion occurs from the atria of the heart when stretched.
    • ANP functions opposite to aldosterone, increasing sodium and water excretion to reduce blood pressure.

    Thymosin

    • Facilitates T cell development and differentiation in the immune system.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with these flashcards focused on the anterior pituitary gland's hormones. Use mnemonic devices like 'FLAT PEG' to help remember the categories of hormones. Challenge yourself to identify which hormones are direct and which are tropic.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser