Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is the name of the complex molecule that contains the nucleoside adenine and a tail consisting of three phosphates?
What is the name of the complex molecule that contains the nucleoside adenine and a tail consisting of three phosphates?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
During photosynthesis, what is carbon dioxide converted into?
During photosynthesis, what is carbon dioxide converted into?
Glucose
What type of work involves the contraction of muscles, beating of cilia and flagella in bacteria, and circulation of blood?
What type of work involves the contraction of muscles, beating of cilia and flagella in bacteria, and circulation of blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What pigment is found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell?
What pigment is found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the process that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)?
What is the name of the process that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the process that occurs mainly in the thylakoids of chloroplast?
What is the name of the process that occurs mainly in the thylakoids of chloroplast?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the process where microorganisms produce a beneficial and desirable change in food?
What is the name of the process where microorganisms produce a beneficial and desirable change in food?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP?
Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of aerobic respiration?
Which of the following is a characteristic of aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a facultative anaerobe?
Which of the following is an example of a facultative anaerobe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with lactic acid fermentation?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with lactic acid fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Hypoxia refers to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Hypoxia refers to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- A complex molecule containing adenine and three phosphate groups
- The major energy currency of the cell
- Provides energy for various cellular activities
Functions of ATP
- Transport work: Movement of substances within the cell (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)
- Mechanical work: Muscle contraction, cilia/flagella movement, blood circulation
- Chemical work: Building complex molecules and other cellular processes
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons (e.g., glucose to carbon dioxide)
- Reduction: Gain of electrons (e.g., oxygen to water)
Photosynthesis
- Occurs in the green parts of plants
- Captures light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
- Autotrophs use light energy to create sugars and oxygen
Chloroplasts
- Organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
- Absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy
Chlorophyll
- Pigment found in chloroplasts
- Absorbs blue and red light, while reflecting green light
- Essential for capturing light energy during photosynthesis
Accessory Pigments (Phycobilins)
- Photosynthetic pigments
- Efficiently absorb red, orange, yellow and green wavelengths, not well absorbed by chlorophyll
- Found in cyanobacteria and rhodophyta
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Require light energy
- Inputs: light energy, water
- Outputs: ATP, NADPH, oxygen
- Location: Thylakoid membrane
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
- Inputs: CO₂, ATP, NADPH
- Output: Glucose
- Glucose is stored as starch or sucrose
Aerobic Respiration
- Requires oxygen
- Location: Cytoplasm and mitochondria
- Organisms: Bacteria and Archaea
- Produces 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
- More efficient energy release than anaerobic respiration
- Disadvantage: requires a large amount of oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
- Does not require oxygen
- Location: Cytoplasm
- Organisms: Animals, plants (in some cases)
- Produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
- Less efficient than aerobic respiration
- Disadvantage: produces lactic acid, which can cause muscle soreness
Facultative Anaerobes
- Can survive with or without oxygen (e.g., Lactobacillus)
Obligate Anaerobes
- Can only survive without oxygen (e.g., Clostridium botulinum)
Cellular Respiration Overview
- A set of metabolic reactions and processes in cells
- Converts nutrients into ATP (energy)
- Releases waste products
Glycolysis
- Location: Cytoplasm
- Converts glucose into pyruvate
- Produces: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP, water
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Location: Mitochondrial matrix
- Inputs: Pyruvate
- Outputs: CO2 (waste), NADH, etc.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Inputs: NADH
- Outputs: ATP, water
- Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor
Chemiosmosis
- Location: Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts/Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Produces ATP via ATP synthase
Fermentation
- Process used by some microorganisms to produce ATP without oxygen
- Produces various products (ethanol or lactic acid)
Hypoxia and Hypoxia
- Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in body tissues
- Hypozemia: Reduced oxygen in the blood
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 4, focusing on cellular processes such as photosynthesis, glycolysis, and ATP function. This quiz covers important molecules, reactions, and characteristics related to energy production in cells.
