Biology Chapter 4 Quiz: Cellular Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What is the name of the complex molecule that contains the nucleoside adenine and a tail consisting of three phosphates?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

During photosynthesis, what is carbon dioxide converted into?

Glucose

What type of work involves the contraction of muscles, beating of cilia and flagella in bacteria, and circulation of blood?

<p>Mechanical work</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment is found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant cell?

<p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that occurs mainly in the thylakoids of chloroplast?

<p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where microorganisms produce a beneficial and desirable change in food?

<p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of aerobic respiration?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a facultative anaerobe?

<p>Lactobacillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Bread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxia refers to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ATP

A complex molecule that stores and releases energy in cells.

Photosynthesis

The process where plants use light to make food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

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Light-dependent reactions

Photosynthesis stage requiring light to produce ATP and NADPH.

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Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Photosynthesis stage using ATP and NADPH to build glucose.

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Aerobic Respiration

Process using oxygen to release energy from glucose.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Process releasing energy from glucose without oxygen.

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Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose.

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Krebs Cycle

Second stage of cellular respiration, acetyl-CoA produces energy.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Final stage of cellular respiration, producing ATP.

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Chemiosmosis

Process of ATP production using the H+ gradient.

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Cellular Respiration

Set of metabolic processes producing energy from nutrients.

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Fermentation

Anaerobic process producing energy and specific products (e.g., alcohol or lactic acid).

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Pyruvate

Three carbon molecule produced in glycolysis.

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Mitochondria

Organelle where aerobic respiration takes place.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process of ATP production in the ETC.

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Lactic Acid

Product of anaerobic respiration in some organisms.

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Facultative anaerobe

Organism that can survive with or without oxygen.

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Obligate anaerobe

Organism that can only survive in the absence of oxygen.

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Hypoxia

Decrease of oxygen levels in body tissues.

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Hypoxemia

Decrease of oxygen in blood.

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Carotenoids

Pigments that help plants absorb light and protect chlorophyll.

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Photosynthetic pigments

Molecules that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

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Phycobilins

Water-soluble pigments, found in cyanobacteria and red algae.

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Study Notes

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

  • A complex molecule containing adenine and three phosphate groups
  • The major energy currency of the cell
  • Provides energy for various cellular activities

Functions of ATP

  • Transport work: Movement of substances within the cell (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)
  • Mechanical work: Muscle contraction, cilia/flagella movement, blood circulation
  • Chemical work: Building complex molecules and other cellular processes

Oxidation and Reduction

  • Oxidation: Loss of electrons (e.g., glucose to carbon dioxide)
  • Reduction: Gain of electrons (e.g., oxygen to water)

Photosynthesis

  • Occurs in the green parts of plants
  • Captures light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
  • Autotrophs use light energy to create sugars and oxygen

Chloroplasts

  • Organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
  • Absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy

Chlorophyll

  • Pigment found in chloroplasts
  • Absorbs blue and red light, while reflecting green light
  • Essential for capturing light energy during photosynthesis

Accessory Pigments (Phycobilins)

  • Photosynthetic pigments
  • Efficiently absorb red, orange, yellow and green wavelengths, not well absorbed by chlorophyll
  • Found in cyanobacteria and rhodophyta

Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Require light energy
  • Inputs: light energy, water
  • Outputs: ATP, NADPH, oxygen
  • Location: Thylakoid membrane

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  • Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
  • Inputs: CO₂, ATP, NADPH
  • Output: Glucose
  • Glucose is stored as starch or sucrose

Aerobic Respiration

  • Requires oxygen
  • Location: Cytoplasm and mitochondria
  • Organisms: Bacteria and Archaea
  • Produces 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
  • More efficient energy release than anaerobic respiration
  • Disadvantage: requires a large amount of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Does not require oxygen
  • Location: Cytoplasm
  • Organisms: Animals, plants (in some cases)
  • Produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
  • Less efficient than aerobic respiration
  • Disadvantage: produces lactic acid, which can cause muscle soreness

Facultative Anaerobes

  • Can survive with or without oxygen (e.g., Lactobacillus)

Obligate Anaerobes

  • Can only survive without oxygen (e.g., Clostridium botulinum)

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • A set of metabolic reactions and processes in cells
  • Converts nutrients into ATP (energy)
  • Releases waste products

Glycolysis

  • Location: Cytoplasm
  • Converts glucose into pyruvate
  • Produces: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP, water

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  • Location: Mitochondrial matrix
  • Inputs: Pyruvate
  • Outputs: CO2 (waste), NADH, etc.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  • Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Inputs: NADH
  • Outputs: ATP, water
  • Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Chemiosmosis

  • Location: Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts/Inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Produces ATP via ATP synthase

Fermentation

  • Process used by some microorganisms to produce ATP without oxygen
  • Produces various products (ethanol or lactic acid)

Hypoxia and Hypoxia

  • Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in body tissues
  • Hypozemia: Reduced oxygen in the blood

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General Biology Reviewer Quarter 2 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 4, focusing on cellular processes such as photosynthesis, glycolysis, and ATP function. This quiz covers important molecules, reactions, and characteristics related to energy production in cells.

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