General Biology Reviewer Quarter 2 PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY REVIEWER will otherwise be destructive to Quarter 2 Chlorophyll. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - It is a complex PHYCOBILINS - photosynthetic molecule that contains the nucleoside adenine pigmentsefficient at absorbi...

GENERAL BIOLOGY REVIEWER will otherwise be destructive to Quarter 2 Chlorophyll. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - It is a complex PHYCOBILINS - photosynthetic molecule that contains the nucleoside adenine pigmentsefficient at absorbing red, orange, and a tail consisting of three phosphates. yellow and green light, wavelengths that are not - major energy currency of the cell. well absorbed by chlorophyll a. - provides the energy for most of the - water-soluble pigments, and are found in the energy-consuming activities of the cell. cytoplasm, or in the stroma of the chloroplast - occur only in cyanobacteria and rhodophyta LIGHT DEPENDENT - requires light Input - light energy, H2O FUNCTIONSOFATP Output - ATP, NADPH, 02 location - thylakoid membrain, converts: A. Transport work: movement of substances in the cell (e.g. sodium-potassium pump). B. Mechanical work: contraction of muscles, LIGHT INDEPENDENT OR CALVIN CYCLE - beating of cilia and flagella in bacteria, happens in the stroma of chloroplast, circulation of blood. Input- CO2, ATP, NADPH c. Chemical work: building complex molecules, Output - glucose Photosynthesis. - Glucose will be stored as starch or surcise Oxidation – loss of electrons (e.g. glucose to carbon dioxide) AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Presence of oxygen, Reduction – gain of electrons (e.g. oxygen to Location - Cytoplasm and mitochondria water) Organism - Bacteria and Archea No. ATP - 36 - 38 ATP PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Photosynthesis occurs in ADVANTAGE - release more energy than the green areas of the plant. anaerobic - Goal is to capture light energy (photons) and DISADVANTAGE - requires a large amount of use carbon dioxide to produce glucose. oxygen - Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION - Without oxygen sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and Location - Cytoplasm water Organism - Animals, plant - Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it No. ATP - 2 ATP to chemical energy ADVANTAGE - provides the energy muscles need for short, intense and burst of activity CHLOROPLAST - an organelle DISADVANTAGE - produces lactic acid, which where photosynthesis takes can cause pain and cramps in muscle Place BALANCE EQUATION FOR AEROBIC CHLOROPHYLL - pigment found in the RESPIRATION - (Glucose) C6 H12 O6 + 6CO ------ inside the chloroplast of 6CO2 +6H2O + ENERGY a plant cell. -Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE - Can survive and grow with or without the presence of oxygen CAROTENOIDS - pigments in the form of orange, (lactobacillus) red, yellow colors OBLIGATE ANAEROBES - Can ONLY survive - antioxidants that promote good eyesight in without the presence of oxygen (Clostridium humans. botulinum) - serve as protection for chlorophyll by dissipating excessive energy that HYPOXEMIA - A decrease in the amount of - some organisms, including yeast, can create oxygen in the blood energy without oxygen, but produce the toxin ethanol as a by product. HYPOXIA - A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the body's tissue - often involves Saccharomyces cerevisiae,(commonly known as baker’s yeast), which derives its name from sugar (saccharo), CELLULAR RESPIRATION - set of the metabolic fungus (myces) and beer (cerevisiae). reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical - examples are bread, vinergar, apple cider, beer energy from nutrients into adenosine and wine. triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. LACTIC ACID - Lactobacillus is the most common bacteria used. GLYCOLYSIS -process converts one molecule - examples are pickles, cheese, yogurt, of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate sauerkraut, kimchi (pyruvic acid) causes muscle soreness Location: Cytoplasm Starting Materials: Glucose Products: pyruvate, NADH, ATP, and water. Pyruvate, before entering the Krebs cycle, is converted into acetyl-CoA through oxidation KREBS CYCLE -also called citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle Location: Mitochondrial matrix Starting Materials: Pyruvate, NAD Products: CO2(as waste), NADH ETC( ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN) - Oxygen as final electron acceptor, ATP synthase Location: Inner membrane of mitochondria Starting Materials: NADH Products: ATP, Water, NAD+ CHEMIOSMOSIS - also called Oxidative phosphorylation Location: occurs mainly in the thylakoids of chloroplast. Starting Materials: ATP synthase Products: ATP molecules FERMENTATION- process where microorganisms produce a beneficial and desirable change in food. ALCOHOLIC