Biology Chapter: Water and Cellular Processes
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Questions and Answers

Which property of water allows insects to walk on its surface?

  • Surface tension (correct)
  • Capillary action
  • Adhesion
  • High specific heat

    • What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

  • Synthesizing proteins
  • Packaging and modifying proteins (correct)
  • Storing genetic material
  • Generating ATP

    • Which type of transport moves molecules from low to high concentration?

  • Osmosis
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle during cellular respiration?

    <p>To produce electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NADPH in photosynthesis?

    <p>Storing energy for the Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

    <p>Phosphate head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is required for facilitated diffusion but not for simple diffusion?

    <p>Protein channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?

    <p>Light energy is converted into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of biomolecule is most directly involved in catalyzing biological reactions?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer system in a cell?

    <p>To maintain pH stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lipids ideal for energy storage?

    <p>They contain high-energy bonds in fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is regenerated during fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a protein is denatured?

    <p>It loses its three-dimensional shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy carrier in cells?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>To convert carbon dioxide into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is commonly found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

    <p>By lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during osmosis?

    <p>Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is unique to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is continuous with the nuclear envelope and synthesizes proteins?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction joins two monosaccharides into a disaccharide?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water resist rapid temperature changes?

    <p>By forming hydrogen bonds that absorb heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protons move through ATP synthase during cellular respiration?

    <p>Down their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the chloroplasts?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced at the end of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is formed between two water molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a buffer?

    <p>It prevents changes in pH by neutralizing acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Packaging and modifying proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration?

    <p>To produce electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure aids facilitated diffusion by providing a pathway for molecules to cross the membrane?

    <p>Protein channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule plays a critical role in transferring electrons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is primarily responsible for linking amino acids together in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, which process yields the highest amount of ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances?

    <p>Peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization includes all other levels?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Water will leave the cell causing it to shrink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is a monomer for proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water polar?

    <p>Oxygen has a stronger pull on shared electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is the central atom in an amino acid's structure?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of mutualism?

    <p>Bees pollinate flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Properties and Biological Processes

    • Insects walk on water due to surface tension.
    • Water's surface tension arises from hydrogen bonding.
    • Surface tension is a key property of water that allows insects to walk on its surface.

    Cellular Structures and Functions

    • Golgi apparatus packages and modifies proteins.
    • Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.
    • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

    Cellular Respiration

    • The Krebs Cycle produces electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
    • The Electron Transport Chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane generates most ATP during cellular respiration.
    • Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration.

    Photosynthesis

    • NADPH transports electrons in the light-dependent reactions.
    • The Calvin Cycle converts carbon dioxide into glucose.
    • Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in photosynthesis.

    Biological Solvents and Solutions

    • Water is the universal solvent in biological systems.
    • In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
    • pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a basic solution has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

    Biomolecules and Bonds

    • Peptide bonds connect amino acids in proteins.
    • Proteins are the primary biomolecules involved in catalyzing reactions.
    • Lipids have high-energy bonds and are good energy storage molecules.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
    • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules.
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
    • The cytoskeleton provides structural support.

    Cellular Transport

    • Facilitated diffusion utilizes protein channels, unlike simple diffusion.
    • Exocytosis moves large molecules out of the cell.
    • Endocytosis moves large molecules into the cell.

    Cellular Respiration (Continued)

    • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
    • During cellular respiration, protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase.

    Other Biological Concepts

    • Denaturation of a protein disrupts its shape, hindering function.
    • Water's high specific heat resists rapid temperature changes. Water absorbs and releases heat slowly, preventing rapid temperature fluctuations.
    • Buffers maintain pH stability.
    • ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells.
    • Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration.
    • Water is polar due to oxygen's stronger pull on shared electrons.
    • Dehydration synthesis joins monosaccharides into disaccharides.

    Correct answers (summarized)

    • Insect walking on water: Surface tension
    • Golgi apparatus function: Packaging and modifying proteins
    • Enzyme reaction rate increase: Lowering the activation energy
    • Transport against concentration gradient: Active transport
    • Krebs Cycle: Produce electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
    • NADPH in photosynthesis: Transporting electrons to the light-dependent reactions
    • Universal Biological solvent: Water
    • Hypertonic solution effect: Water moves out of the cell; cell shrinks
    • Electron Transport Chain location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
    • Amino acid bond: Peptide bonds
    • Prokaryotic structure: Ribosomes
    • Calvin Cycle function: Convert carbon dioxide into glucose
    • Most ATP in respiration: Electron Transport Chain
    • Hydrophilic phospholipid part: Phosphate head
    • Facilitated diffusion requirement: Protein channel
    • Denaturation effect on enzymes: Alters shape, prevents substrate binding
    • Aerobic respiration final electron acceptor: Oxygen
    • Water's temperature resistance: High specific heat; absorbs and releases heat slowly; prevents rapid fluctuations.
    • Digestive enzyme organelle: Lysosome
    • Osmosis: Water moving to high solute concentration
    • Basic solution characteristic: More hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
    • Thylakoid membrane function: Light energy to chemical energy
    • Biomolecule for reactions: Proteins
    • Buffer purpose: Maintain pH stability
    • Primary energy carrier: ATP
    • Organelle with nuclear envelope, protein synthesis: Rough ER
    • Lipid energy storage factor: High-energy bonds in fatty acids
    • First respiration step: Glycolysis
    • Denaturation protein effect: Loses 3D shape
    • Large molecules out of cell: Exocytosis
    • Ribosome function: Protein synthesis
    • Proton movement in ATP synthase: Down their concentration gradient
    • Photosynthesis byproduct: Oxygen
    • Cellular respiration organelle: Mitochondrion
    • Fermentation glycolysis regeneration: NAD+
    • Water polarity reason: Oxygen's stronger pull on shared electrons
    • Disaccharide formation reaction: Dehydration synthesis
    • Cytoskeleton role: Structural support
    • Eukaryotic cell feature: Nucleus
    • Photosynthesis primary pigment: Chlorophyll
    • Characteristic of Life: Ability to synthesize vitamins (not)
    • Independent variable (light and plant): Amount of light exposure
    • Mutualism example: Bees pollinating flowers
    • Highest level of organization: Biosphere
    • Ionic and covalent bonds: Ionic transfer electrons, covalent shared electrons
    • Water property: High heat capacity
    • Ribosome production site: Nucleolus
    • Protein monomer: Amino acids
    • Hypertonic solution cell effect: Water leaves; cell shrinks
    • Mitochondrial Process: Krebs cycle
    • Energy transfer in food web: 10%
    • Amino acid central atom: Carbon
    • Microscope low-power focus: Coarse adjustment knob
    • Chloroplast function: Photosynthesis
    • Enzyme role in reaction: Decrease activation energy
    • Smooth ER function: Lipid synthesis & detoxification
    • Electron Transport Chain product: Water
    • Water bond type: Hydrogen bond
    • Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
    • Buffer action: Neutralize acids and bases to maintain pH

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    Explore essential topics in biology, including the properties of water and its role in biological processes. Learn about cellular structures, respiration, and photosynthesis. Test your understanding of key concepts such as the Krebs Cycle, Golgi apparatus, and more.

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