Biology Chapter: Water and Cellular Processes

The cohesive forces between water molecules create a strong surface tension, allowing certain insects to walk on water without sinking.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell.

Enzymes act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy of a reaction, thus speeding it up without being consumed in the process.

Active transport moves molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient, using energy from ATP.

The Krebs cycle generates electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

NADPH carries electrons from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle, powering the process of making glucose.

Water, due to its polar nature, can dissolve many substances, making it the primary solvent in biological systems.

When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

The process where water moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration). This movement aims to balance the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.

A substance that resists changes in pH by either absorbing excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-), thus maintaining a relatively stable pH level.

The process where large molecules are transported out of the cell using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane and release the contents outside.

The organelle responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. It acts as the powerhouse of the cell.

The process where a protein loses its three-dimensional shape, often due to changes in temperature, pH, or chemicals. The denatured protein becomes non-functional.

The molecule that is the primary energy carrier in cells. It stores and releases energy for various cellular processes.

The green pigment found in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, providing energy for converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

The process where the cell takes in large molecules or particles by forming vesicles that bud inward from the cell membrane.

A complex network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm that provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and helps transport materials within the cell.

The molecule that is regenerated during fermentation, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP even in the absence of oxygen.

The enzyme's active site is blocked, preventing the substrate from binding.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, accepting electrons from the electron transport chain to generate water.

Water's hydrogen bonds absorb significant amounts of heat, requiring more energy to raise its temperature, making it resistant to temperature changes.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, acting as the cell's recycling center.

Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration).

A solution with more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) is considered basic (alkaline).

In the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH.

Proteins are the primary biomolecules involved in catalyzing biological reactions, acting as enzymes.

A buffer system helps maintain the stable pH of a cell by absorbing excess hydrogen (H+) or hydroxide (OH-) ions.

ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells, storing and releasing energy for various cellular processes.

The coarse adjustment knob is a larger knob on the microscope that moves the stage up and down rapidly. It is used for initial focusing.

The fine adjustment knob is a smaller knob on the microscope that moves the stage slightly up and down. It is used for fine-tuning the focus after using the coarse adjustment knob.

Stage clips are metal clamps on the stage of the microscope. They are used to hold the specimen slide in place during observation.

The diaphragm is a part of the microscope that regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen. It controls the brightness of the view and affects the contrast of the image.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell.

Active transport moves molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient, meaning from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, this process requires energy from ATP.

The Krebs cycle generates electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) that are used in the electron transport chain (ETC) to produce ATP.

NADPH transports electrons from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle, powering the process of converting carbon dioxide into glucose.

Due to its polar nature, water can dissolve many substances, making it the primary solvent in biological systems.

When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside. Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They do this by providing an alternative reaction pathway.

Water's high heat capacity is due to hydrogen bonds between its molecules. These bonds require a lot of energy to break, making water resist rapid temperature changes.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is studded with ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. These proteins are then transported and modified within the ER.

Lipids are ideal for energy storage because they contain high-energy bonds in fatty acids. They are also relatively hydrophobic, meaning they can be stored in cells without drawing in excess water.

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm. It breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP.

When a protein is denatured, it loses its three-dimensional shape, often due to changes in temperature, pH, or chemicals. This disrupts its functionality.

Exocytosis is the process where large molecules are transported out of the cell using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane and release the contents outside. This allows the cell to export products or waste.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They use the instructions from messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Protons move through ATP synthase during cellular respiration by following their concentration gradient, moving from the intermembrane space (high concentration) to the mitochondrial matrix (low concentration). This movement generates ATP.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It is released as a gas into the atmosphere.

Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for cellular respiration, the process of generating energy (ATP) from glucose.

NAD+ is regenerated during fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue producing ATP even in the absence of oxygen. This process is less efficient than aerobic respiration.

Water is a polar molecule because oxygen has a stronger pull on shared electrons, creating partial negative charges near the oxygen atom and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms. This uneven distribution of charge makes it polar.

Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction that joins two monosaccharides into a disaccharide by removing a water molecule. This process forms the glycosidic bond.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It provides structural support, helps maintain cell shape, facilitates cell movement, and plays a role in transporting materials within the cell.

The presence of a nucleus is a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells. It encloses the cell's DNA.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is crucial for the process to convert light energy into chemical energy.

The ability to synthesize vitamins is not a universal characteristic of life. Some organisms can synthesize vitamins, while others obtain them from their diet.

The independent variable is the factor that is being changed or manipulated in an experiment. In this case, the amount of light exposure is being changed to see its effect on plant growth.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. In this case, bees get nectar from flowers, and flowers are pollinated by bees.

The biosphere encompasses all living things and their environments on Earth. It includes all other levels of organization, from organisms to ecosystems.

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, leading to the formation of ions with opposite charges. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. In conclusion, ionic bonds transfer electrons, while covalent bonds share electrons.

Water has a high heat capacity because it takes a significant amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between its molecules. This property helps maintain stable temperatures in organisms and environments.

The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is responsible for producing ribosomes, the cellular structures involved in protein synthesis.

Amino acids are the monomers, or building blocks, of proteins. They contain a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R group).

A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water to the surrounding environment because the solution has a higher solute concentration. This causes the cell to shrink.

The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria's matrix. It breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide, generating electron carriers NADH and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next. The remaining 90% is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

The central atom in the structure of an amino acid is carbon. It is bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group) that determines the amino acid's properties.

The coarse adjustment knob is used for focusing at low power, while the fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing at higher magnifications.