COPY: exam review 3-4

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What is the primary difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in terms of free energy?

Anabolic reactions have a negative ∆G, while catabolic reactions have a positive ∆G

Anabolic reactions increase entropy, while catabolic reactions decrease entropy

Anabolic reactions release energy, while catabolic reactions store energy

Anabolic reactions require energy, while catabolic reactions release energy (correct)

What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

To increase the activation energy of a reaction

To reduce the activation energy of a reaction (correct)

To reduce the entropy of a reaction

To synthesize new molecules

What is the relationship between entropy and spontaneity in a reaction?

As entropy decreases, spontaneity increases

There is no correlation between entropy and spontaneity

As entropy increases, spontaneity decreases

As entropy increases, spontaneity increases (correct)

What is the significance of the active site in an enzyme-substrate complex?

It is the site where the enzyme-substrate complex is formed through induced fit Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between enthalpy and free energy?

Enthalpy is the total energy of a system, while free energy is the energy available to do work Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ∆G value in a reaction?

It determines the direction of the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

To relieve strain caused by helicase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

To make RNA primers Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

It is synthesized discontinuously Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?

To unwind the double helix Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of blocking the transfer of electrons at the CoQ-cytochrome c reductase complex of the mitochondrial ETC?

Decrease in ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the base-pairing rule in the Watson-Crick Model of DNA?

A:T and G:C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of allosteric effectors in enzymes?

To alter the shape of the enzyme and regulate its function Signup and view all the answers

In a negative feedback loop, what is the role of the product of a pathway?

To inhibit an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reaction coupling in metabolic pathways?

To generate phosphorylated intermediate molecules of higher energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

To unwind the double helix and relieve torsional stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

To join the Okazaki fragments together Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NADH in cellular metabolism?

To capture high-energy electrons from organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the promoter in gene expression?

To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

To generate ATP through chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the net outcome of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

The formation of ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?

To increase transcription by binding transcriptional activators Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase requires a primer, while RNA polymerase does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of splicing in mRNA processing?

To remove introns and ligate exons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

To fix CO2 into a 5C molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

Water and ATP Signup and view all the answers

During cellular respiration, what happens to the pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis?

They are converted into acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?

To regenerate NAD+ from NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial inner membrane in oxidative phosphorylation?

It pumps hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit in translation initiation?

To bind to mRNA at the 5' cap and recruit the large subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the P-site in translation?

To hold the charged tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tRNA after it delivers its amino acid in translation?

It moves to the E-site and is released Signup and view all the answers

What determines the correct reading frame in translation?

The first 5' AUG, or start codon Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomal enzymes in translation?

To form peptide bonds between amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a stop codon lines up with the A-site during translation?

The polypeptide is released from the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the large ribosomal subunit in translation?

To bind to the small ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the E-site in translation?

To release the used tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of transcription given a DNA sequence with the +1 site indicated?

The location of the promoter region Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a release factor during translation?

To release the polypeptide from the ribosome Signup and view all the answers