Cell Biology Reading Week 4 + 5

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What is the main focus when we talk about the chemical reactions within a cell?

Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Metabolism (correct)

Glycolysis

Which type of metabolic pathways produce cellular components?

Catabolic pathways

Synthetic pathways

Degrative pathways

Anabolic pathways (correct)

Which type of reaction characterizes catabolic pathways?

Hydrolysis of macromolecules (correct)

Polymer synthesis

Energy-releasing reactions

Biological reduction of carbon dioxide

What role do catabolic pathways play in cells?

Release free energy for cellular functions and produce building blocks for biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the compound formed by linking adenine and ribose called?

Adenosine Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP considered to have energy-rich bonds?

The formation of phosphoanhydride bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the exergonic nature of ATP hydrolysis?

Charge repulsion in the phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

What does the ATP/ADP pair represent in cellular energy dynamics?

A reversible means of conserving, transferring, and releasing energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of glycolysis in cells?

To create energy without oxygen through fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of glycolysis results in the generation of NADH and ATP?

Oxidation reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of glucose molecules in cells that undergo glycolysis?

Split into two three-carbon molecules Signup and view all the answers

How does glycolysis differ in cells depending on the presence or absence of oxygen?

Switches to aerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the overall glycolytic pathway?

Generates ATP at multiple steps Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the anaerobic process known as lactate fermentation?

Lactate Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in lactate fermentation?

Lactate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

In alcoholic fermentation, what is the fate of the 2 pyruvate molecules?

Converted to ethanol and CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy-yielding pathway in many anaerobic bacteria?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which industry heavily relies on alcoholic fermentation by yeast cells?

Baking, brewing, and winemaking industries Signup and view all the answers

Where are most of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle located in a bacterial cell?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Why must polypeptides entering mitochondria be in an unfolded state?

To allow passage across the organelle membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which components of respiratory metabolism are located in the plasma membrane of bacterial cells?

Electron transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chaperone proteins in mitochondria?

Assist in folding polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

Where is the short circular DNA molecule of the mitochondrion located?

Mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the citric acid cycle?

ATP generation Signup and view all the answers

Which intermediate is an important component of the citric acid cycle?

Citrate Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are used as substrates in the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form in which carbon enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of the catabolism of triacylglycerols?

Glycerol and free fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix for further processing?

Through active transport by ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids can be directly converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates?

Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the citric acid cycle due to citrate's chemical structure?

Tricarboxylic acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with identifying and characterizing the citric acid cycle in the 1930s?

Hans Krebs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteases in protein catabolism?

Hydrolyzing internal peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is an important characteristic of flavoproteins and coenzyme NADH during electron transport?

Transfer of both electrons and protons Signup and view all the answers

Which complex transfers electrons from succinate to FAD to generate FADH2?

Complex 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of cytochrome c oxidase (complex 4) in aerobic respiration?

Transfers electrons directly to oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In which direction are protons pumped during electron transport through complexes 1, 3, and 4?

From the intermembrane space to the matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of respirasomes in relation to respiratory complexes?

Organize respiratory complexes into supercomplexes in defined ratios Signup and view all the answers

Which condition favors electron transport and ATP generation according to the chemiosmotic model?

High ADP concentration Signup and view all the answers

What effect do uncoupling agents have on the proton gradient and ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

Decrease both Signup and view all the answers

What drives protons back into the mitochondrial matrix during ATP synthesis?

Proton motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is required for isolated complexes involved in electron transfer to be coupled to ATP synthesis?

Incorporation into membranes Signup and view all the answers