exam review 3-4

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in terms of free energy?

Anabolic reactions have a negative ∆G, while catabolic reactions have a positive ∆G

Anabolic reactions increase entropy, while catabolic reactions decrease entropy

Anabolic reactions release energy, while catabolic reactions store energy

Anabolic reactions require energy, while catabolic reactions release energy (correct)

What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

To increase the activation energy of a reaction

To reduce the activation energy of a reaction (correct)

To reduce the entropy of a reaction

To synthesize new molecules

What is the relationship between entropy and spontaneity in a reaction?

As entropy decreases, spontaneity increases

There is no correlation between entropy and spontaneity

As entropy increases, spontaneity decreases

As entropy increases, spontaneity increases (correct)

What is the significance of the active site in an enzyme-substrate complex?

It is the site where the enzyme-substrate complex is formed through induced fit Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between enthalpy and free energy?

Enthalpy is the total energy of a system, while free energy is the energy available to do work Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ∆G value in a reaction?

It determines the direction of the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

To relieve strain caused by helicase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

To make RNA primers Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

It is synthesized discontinuously Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?

To unwind the double helix Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of blocking the transfer of electrons at the CoQ-cytochrome c reductase complex of the mitochondrial ETC?

Decrease in ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the base-pairing rule in the Watson-Crick Model of DNA?

A:T and G:C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of allosteric effectors in enzymes?

To alter the shape of the enzyme and regulate its function Signup and view all the answers

In a negative feedback loop, what is the role of the product of a pathway?

To inhibit an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reaction coupling in metabolic pathways?

To generate phosphorylated intermediate molecules of higher energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

To unwind the double helix and relieve torsional stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

To join the Okazaki fragments together Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NADH in cellular metabolism?

To capture high-energy electrons from organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the promoter in gene expression?

To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

To generate ATP through chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the net outcome of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

The formation of ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?

To increase transcription by binding transcriptional activators Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase requires a primer, while RNA polymerase does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of splicing in mRNA processing?

To remove introns and ligate exons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

To fix CO2 into a 5C molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

Water and ATP Signup and view all the answers

During cellular respiration, what happens to the pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis?

They are converted into acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?

To regenerate NAD+ from NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial inner membrane in oxidative phosphorylation?

It pumps hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit in translation initiation?

To bind to mRNA at the 5' cap and recruit the large subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the P-site in translation?

To hold the charged tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tRNA after it delivers its amino acid in translation?

It moves to the E-site and is released Signup and view all the answers

What determines the correct reading frame in translation?

The first 5' AUG, or start codon Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomal enzymes in translation?

To form peptide bonds between amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a stop codon lines up with the A-site during translation?

The polypeptide is released from the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the large ribosomal subunit in translation?

To bind to the small ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the E-site in translation?

To release the used tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of transcription given a DNA sequence with the +1 site indicated?

The location of the promoter region Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a release factor during translation?

To release the polypeptide from the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism

Metabolism is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell, connected in a network of reaction pathways
Anabolic reactions synthesize or "build" molecules with more bonds, using energy and reducing entropy (endergonic and non-spontaneous)
Catabolic reactions degrade or "break" molecules to make lower free energy products with fewer bonds, releasing energy and increasing entropy (exergonic and spontaneous)

Thermodynamics

The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics state that energy is transformed in many ways, but always at the cost of energy lost through entropy that is not available to do work
Free energy (G) is chemical energy available to do work and is expressed as the difference between enthalpy (total energy) and entropy
Any reaction involves a change in free energy, ∆G, between reactants and products
The direction of change in free energy tells if it is positive or negative ∆G (anabolic or catabolic)

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that reduce the activation energy of a reaction
Enzyme specificity and function are the result of the structure (shape) of the protein
Substrates interact with enzymes at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex with a close interaction through induced fit

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to make ATP using substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis: uses glucose as its preferred substrate to make 2 ATP (Net, via substrate level phosphorylation), 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation: converts 2 pyruvates into 2 acetyl-CoA, making 2 NADH and 2 CO2
Citric acid cycle: oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, making 2 ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation), 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation: uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ into the intermembrane space, generating proton motive force (PMF) across the inner membrane

DNA Structure and Replication

DNA is a polymer of the four nucleotides A, C, G, and T with the sugar deoxyribose
Nucleotides can be either purines (A and G) or pyrimidines (C, T, and U)
The Watson-Crick Model of DNA has four main features:
- Double helix with sugar-phosphate backbone outside
- Antiparallel strands
- Strict base-pairing of nucleotides (A:T; C:G)
- Two strands held together by hydrogen bonding between bases
DNA replication involves semi-conservative replication: each parental strand from a double helix is used as a template to make a daughter strand along its entire length

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy, synthesizing new carbon backbones from CO2 released when cellular respiration breaks down carbon backbones
The light reactions use two photosystems to capture light and generate high energy electrons
Electrons leave the light reactions in NADPH, and new electrons are obtained by the splitting of water through photolysis by PSII
The flow of H+ from high concentration in the lumen to low concentration in the stroma powers the enzyme complex ATP synthase, resulting in the formation of ATP in the stroma (=photophosphorylation)

Central Dogma

The Central Dogma states: DNA is used to make RNA is used to make Protein
The information encoding proteins is organized as genes on DNA, and all genes have the same basic structure:
- A transcription start site denoted as "+1" corresponding to the first nucleotide at the 5' end of the RNA product
- A transcribed region that acts as the template for the transcribed RNA, located "downstream" of the transcription start site (base positions denoted by positive numbers)
- A regulatory domain called a promoter located "upstream" of the transcription start site (base positions denoted by negative numbers)

Translation

Translation occurs in the ribosome, a large multi-protein complex that interacts with mRNA and enzymatically assembles polypeptides
Initiation of translation occurs when the small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA near the 5'-end
During elongation, a charged tRNA enters the A-site, and the ribosomal enzymes cut the growing polypeptide free from the P-site tRNA, and attach it to the new amino acid on the tRNA in the A-site with a peptide bond
The process repeats until a stop codon lines up with the A-site and binds to a release factor, halting translation

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Description

Test your knowledge on metabolism, energy, and enzymes in cellular reactions. Learn about anabolic and catabolic reactions, free energy, and entropy in biological systems.