40 Questions
What is the primary difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in terms of free energy?
Anabolic reactions require energy, while catabolic reactions release energy
What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?
To reduce the activation energy of a reaction
What is the relationship between entropy and spontaneity in a reaction?
As entropy increases, spontaneity increases
What is the significance of the active site in an enzyme-substrate complex?
It is the site where the enzyme-substrate complex is formed through induced fit
What is the difference between enthalpy and free energy?
Enthalpy is the total energy of a system, while free energy is the energy available to do work
What is the significance of the ∆G value in a reaction?
It determines the direction of the reaction
What is the major function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?
To relieve strain caused by helicase
What is the role of primase in DNA replication?
To make RNA primers
What is the characteristic of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
It is synthesized discontinuously
What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?
To unwind the double helix
What is the result of blocking the transfer of electrons at the CoQ-cytochrome c reductase complex of the mitochondrial ETC?
Decrease in ATP production
What is the base-pairing rule in the Watson-Crick Model of DNA?
A:T and G:C
What is the primary function of allosteric effectors in enzymes?
To alter the shape of the enzyme and regulate its function
In a negative feedback loop, what is the role of the product of a pathway?
To inhibit an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway
What is the purpose of reaction coupling in metabolic pathways?
To generate phosphorylated intermediate molecules of higher energy
What is the primary function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?
To unwind the double helix and relieve torsional stress
What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?
To join the Okazaki fragments together
What is the function of NADH in cellular metabolism?
To capture high-energy electrons from organic molecules
What is the function of the promoter in gene expression?
To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
To generate ATP through chemiosmosis
What is the net outcome of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
The formation of ATP and NADPH
What is the role of enhancers in gene expression?
To increase transcription by binding transcriptional activators
What is the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?
DNA polymerase requires a primer, while RNA polymerase does not
What is the function of splicing in mRNA processing?
To remove introns and ligate exons
What is the primary function of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?
To fix CO2 into a 5C molecule
What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
Water and ATP
During cellular respiration, what happens to the pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis?
They are converted into acetyl-CoA
What is the purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?
To regenerate NAD+ from NADH
What is the role of the mitochondrial inner membrane in oxidative phosphorylation?
It pumps hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
What is the product of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH
What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit in translation initiation?
To bind to mRNA at the 5' cap and recruit the large subunit
What is the function of the P-site in translation?
To hold the charged tRNA
What happens to the tRNA after it delivers its amino acid in translation?
It moves to the E-site and is released
What determines the correct reading frame in translation?
The first 5' AUG, or start codon
What is the function of ribosomal enzymes in translation?
To form peptide bonds between amino acids
What happens when a stop codon lines up with the A-site during translation?
The polypeptide is released from the ribosome
What is the role of the large ribosomal subunit in translation?
To bind to the small ribosomal subunit
What is the purpose of the E-site in translation?
To release the used tRNA
What determines the direction of transcription given a DNA sequence with the +1 site indicated?
The location of the promoter region
What is the function of a release factor during translation?
To release the polypeptide from the ribosome
Test your knowledge on metabolism, energy, and enzymes in cellular reactions. Learn about anabolic and catabolic reactions, free energy, and entropy in biological systems.
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