Biology Branches and Cell Structure

Study Notes

Botany: Study of plants, including their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology: Study of animals, including their structure, behavior, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology: Study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Cell structure:
- Cell membrane: thin layer of lipid and protein molecules
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Nucleus: control center of the cell
- Mitochondria: energy-producing organelles
Cellular processes:
- Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Mitosis: process of cell division

Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation: each trait is determined by two alleles
- Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different traits are sorted independently
DNA structure:
- Double helix model: two strands of nucleotides twisted together
- Nucleotides: building blocks of DNA, consisting of sugar, phosphate, and base
Genetic inheritance:
- Dominant and recessive alleles
- Inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked

Mechanisms of evolution:
- Natural selection: process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Genetic drift: random change in allele frequency
- Gene flow: movement of alleles from one population to another
Evidence for evolution:
- Fossil record: sequence of fossilized organisms shows gradual changes over time
- Comparative anatomy: similarities and differences in body structures across species
- Molecular biology: similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences across species

Botany is the study of plants, covering their structure, growth, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Zoology is the study of animals, including their structure, behavior, evolution, classification, and distribution.
Microbiology focuses on microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
Ecology examines the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose.
Mitosis is the process of cell division.

The Law of Segregation states that each trait is determined by two alleles.
The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are sorted independently.

The double helix model consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted together.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, consisting of sugar, phosphate, and base.

Dominant and recessive alleles determine the expression of traits.
Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.

Natural selection is the process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency.
Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another.

The fossil record shows a sequence of fossilized organisms with gradual changes over time.
Comparative anatomy reveals similarities and differences in body structures across species.
Molecular biology shows similarities and differences in DNA and protein sequences across species.