Biology Branches and Cell Basics

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): genetic material
Genes: segments of DNA that code for proteins
Traits: characteristics determined by genes
Inheritance: passing of traits from parents to offspring
Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation: each gene separates from its allele during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: genes for different traits are sorted independently

Theory of Evolution: species change over time through natural selection
Natural Selection: process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Speciation: formation of new species
Fossil Record: evidence of evolution through fossilized remains
Comparative Anatomy: study of similarities and differences between organisms to understand evolutionary relationships

Ecosystem: community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment
Biotic factors: living components (organisms)
Abiotic factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, etc.)
Food Chains: series of organisms that eat other organisms
Food Webs: complex networks of food chains
Energy Pyramid: representation of energy flow through an ecosystem

Human Body Systems:
- Nervous System: controls body functions
- Circulatory System: transports oxygen and nutrients
- Respiratory System: brings oxygen into the body
- Digestive System: breaks down food for energy
Human Health:
- Diseases: caused by genetic or environmental factors
- Immune System: defends against pathogens
- Nutrition: importance of balanced diet for health

Botany is the study of plants
Zoology is the study of animals
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material
Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins
Traits are characteristics determined by genes
Inheritance is the passing of traits from parents to offspring
The Law of Segregation states that each gene separates from its allele during gamete formation
The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are sorted independently

The Theory of Evolution states that species change over time through natural selection
Natural Selection is the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Speciation is the formation of new species
The Fossil Record provides evidence of evolution through fossilized remains
Comparative Anatomy is the study of similarities and differences between organisms to understand evolutionary relationships

An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living components interacting in an environment
Biotic factors are living components, including organisms
Abiotic factors are non-living components, including light, temperature, water, and more
Food Chains are series of organisms that eat other organisms
Food Webs are complex networks of food chains
Energy Pyramids represent the flow of energy through an ecosystem

The Human Body Systems include the Nervous System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System, and Digestive System
The Nervous System controls body functions
The Circulatory System transports oxygen and nutrients
The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body
The Digestive System breaks down food for energy
Human Health can be affected by diseases caused by genetic or environmental factors
The Immune System defends against pathogens
Nutrition is essential for maintaining good health through a balanced diet