Biology Basics and Biomolecules Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in viruses?

  • To degrade host DNA
  • To synthesize proteins from nucleic acids
  • To replicate viral RNA directly
  • To convert RNA into DNA (correct)

Why would a virus integrate its RNA into a host's genome?

  • To enhance the energy production of the host
  • To evade detection by the host's immune system
  • To increase the speed of host cell division
  • To utilize the host's replication machinery for viral reproduction (correct)

What is primarily achieved by the lysogenic cycle of a virus?

  • Replication of the virus independently of the host
  • Production of viral proteins in the host cell
  • Immediate lysis of the host cell
  • Integration of viral DNA into the host genome (correct)

What mechanism do vaccines utilize to prevent viral infections?

<p>They introduce inactive or weakened forms of the virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates retroviruses like HIV from other types of viruses?

<p>They reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA for integration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are primary in the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of integral proteins in the membrane?

<p>They span the entire membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecules crosses the cell membrane at the slowest rate?

<p>Large polar molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines co-transport in cellular transport mechanisms?

<p>Simultaneous transport of two molecules across the membrane in the same direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a hypotonic solution impact plant cells?

<p>Increases rigidity and turgor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological process results from cellular dehydration?

<p>Plasmolysis as cells lose water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative ΔG value in a biochemical reaction signify?

<p>The reaction occurs spontaneously and releases energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

<p>Accepts electrons at the end of the chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during substrate-level phosphorylation?

<p>ATP is synthesized by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are atoms rearranged during photosynthesis?

<p>Atoms of compounds are rearranged to form new compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of photosynthesis that are essential for cellular respiration?

<p>Oxygen and sugar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the first step of cellular respiration.

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chemiosmosis refer to in cellular processes?

<p>Movement of protons to drive ATP synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle is essential for amino acid metabolism during protein catabolism?

<p>Citric acid cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are necessary to create one 6-carbon glucose molecule?

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence contains a start codon?

<p>A.TGA ATA CCT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily involved in adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

<p>DNA polymerase III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a difference between the number of codons and amino acids?

<p>Some codons do not code for amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the poly-A tail play in mRNA?

<p>It protects RNA from degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence affect protein synthesis?

<p>It causes a frameshift mutation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates photosynthesis from cellular respiration?

<p>Photosynthesis splits water to release oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced at the end of the translation process?

<p>Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

<p>Deliver amino acids to ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemiosmosis in cellular processes?

<p>It powers the production of ATP creating a proton gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis in an organism?

<p>To repair tissues, grow, and support asexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When given a DNA sequence, what does the resultant mRNA strand represent?

<p>A corresponding RNA transcript with uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis do microtubules shorten to move chromosomes?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of introns in eukaryotic genes?

<p>They are removed during RNA processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ in plant cells compared to animal cells?

<p>Plants form a cell plate using vesicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines viruses as unique among biological entities?

<p>They require a host for replication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily produced during sexual reproduction in humans?

<p>Both haploid and diploid cells appear at various stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actually separates during anaphase I in meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes split apart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell has 60 units of DNA during G1, how much DNA is present in anaphase II?

<p>30 units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the genetic cross AaBB x aabb, how many unique gametes can be generated?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synapsis during meiosis?

<p>To pair homologous chromosomes together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fluid Mosaic Model Components

The cell membrane is composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol, arranged in a dynamic, fluid structure.

Integral Membrane Proteins

Proteins that are embedded within the cell membrane, often spanning the entire width.

Slowest Membrane Transport

Large polar molecules cross the cell membrane slowest due to their size and charge.

Co-transport

Simultaneous movement of two molecules across the membrane in the same direction.

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Hypotonic Solution Effect on Plants

A hypotonic solution causes plant cells to become stiff and rigid due to water uptake.

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Cell Dehydration Process

Osmosis is the process where cells lose water, and one common response is plasmolysis.

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Cell Energy Source

Organisms obtain energy from their environment, not from enzymes.

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Role of oxygen in ETC

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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Electron Transport Chain's Last Acceptor

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form ATP.

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Photosynthesis atom rearrangement

Atoms of compounds are rearranged to form new compounds during photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis Products/Cellular Respiration Input

Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen, and those are used in cellular respiration as input to produce ATP.

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Cellular Respiration First Step

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.

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Chemiosmosis Description

Proton movement across a membrane drives ATP synthesis.

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Amino Acid Metabolism Cycle

Protein catabolism relies on the citric acid cycle for amino acid metabolism.

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Calvin Cycle Turns

6 turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to create one 6-carbon molecule.

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Water Splitting in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis breaks down water molecules to release oxygen as a byproduct.

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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

A key difference is that photosynthesis splits water to release oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen to produce energy.

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Chemiosmosis Purpose

Chemiosmosis utilizes a proton gradient to power ATP production.

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Mitosis Purpose

Mitosis helps organisms grow, repair damaged tissues, and reproduce asexually.

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Chromosomes During Anaphase

During Anaphase of mitosis, microtubules shorten to pull chromosomes apart.

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Cytokinesis in Plants

Plants create a cell plate using vesicles to divide their cytoplasm.

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Binary Fission Function

Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms.

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Sexual Reproduction Outcome

Sexual reproduction in humans produces both haploid and diploid cells at different stages.

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Anaphase I of Meiosis

During Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are separated, not sister chromatids.

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Synapsis in Meiosis

Synapsis involves pairing up homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Lysogenic Cycle Purpose

The lysogenic cycle allows viral DNA to integrate into the host's genome, becoming part of the host's DNA, and remaining dormant.

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Retrovirus's Unique Trait

Retroviruses, like HIV, have the ability to reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA, which then integrates into the host's genome.

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How Vaccines Work

Vaccines introduce weakened or inactive pathogens into the body, triggering an immune response without causing disease, preparing the body to fight off future infections.

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Watson and Crick's DNA Discovery

Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA using X-ray crystallography data from Rosalind Franklin's research.

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DNA Polymerase III's Role

DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme responsible for elongating DNA strands during replication, adding new nucleotides to the growing strand.

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Leading Strand Elongation Enzyme

DNA polymerase III is the enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to the leading strand during DNA replication, building a continuous new strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

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Codon Redundancy

There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids. This is because some codons code for the same amino acid, providing a buffer against mutations.

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RNA Protection in the Cytoplasm

A 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation by enzymes in the cytoplasm, ensuring proper protein synthesis.

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Frameshift Mutation Impact

Deleting a nucleotide near the start of a sequence can cause a frameshift mutation, drastically altering the amino acid sequence and potentially disrupting the protein function.

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Translation Product

The process of translation converts the genetic code of mRNA into a specific protein sequence.

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tRNA's Role in Protein Synthesis

tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosomes, where they are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.

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DNA to mRNA Transcription

The sequence TACCCGATC in DNA would be transcribed into AUGGGCUAG in mRNA, using the complementary base pairing rules.

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Intron Function

Introns are non-coding regions within a gene that are removed during RNA processing, leading to the formation of mature mRNA.

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Defining Characteristic of Viruses

Viruses cannot reproduce independently. They rely on host cells to provide the necessary machinery for their replication.

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Virus Diversity

Viruses differ from each other in their shape, genetic material (DNA or RNA), and host range, contributing to their diversity.

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Study Notes

Biology Basics (1-10)

  • Archaea, E. coli, and bacteria lack a nucleus
  • DNA similarities reveal evolutionary connections
  • A theory is broader, supported by evidence; a hypothesis is specific and testable
  • The independent variable in an experiment is the manipulated variable

Biomolecules and Functional Groups (11-20)

  • Biomolecules, such as sugars, are part of nucleotides, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
  • Cellulose, which is a carbohydrate, cannot be digested by humans
  • Amino acids link by peptide bonds in proteins
  • RNA produces proteins, replicates DNA, and transports nutrients

Acids, Bases, and Cell Membranes (21-30)

  • A decrease in pH indicates a more acidic solution
  • Hydroxyl groups make alcohols like ethanol
  • Triglycerides are types of lipids
  • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

Energy and Enzymes (31-40)

  • A negative ΔG indicates a reaction that will occur
  • Catalysts speed up, but do not participate in or change, reactions
  • Glucose breakdown is slow at room temperature due to enzymes' need for activation energy
  • Enzymes speed up reaction rate but aren't permanently changed

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (41-50)

  • Photosynthesis produces oxygen and sugars used in cellular respiration
  • Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration
  • Chemiosmosis moves protons to drive ATP synthesis
  • The Calvin cycle produces a 6-carbon molecule

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (51-60)

  • Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair
  • Sexual reproduction results in a combination of haploid cells
  • Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes
  • Cytokinesis isn't part of meiosis I

Genetics and Inheritance (61-70)

  • A diploid cell (2n=46) contains two copies of each chromosome
  • The number of phenotypes resulting from crosses of alleles varies with their combinations.
  • Synapsis in meiosis allows chromosomes to pair up and swap segments.
  • The possibility for chromosome combinations varies according to ploidy

DNA and Molecular Biology (71-80)

  • If a DNA strand has 15% Thymine, it will have 15% adenine, and 35% of guanine and cytosine
  • DNA polymerase III is responsible during DNA replication
  • Proteins are synthesized during translation
  • Introns are removed during RNA processing

Viruses and Molecular Genetics (81-90)

  • Viruses are inert outside the host, using host machinery for replication
  • Viruses consist of only genetic material, enclosed in a protein shell, and are specific to host cells
  • Retroviruses use RNA and an enzyme to create DNA
  • Retroviruses insert RNA into the host genome

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Final Exam Mock Test PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts in biology, including the properties of biomolecules, acids and bases, and energy processes in living organisms. This quiz covers important topics such as cellular structures, nucleic acids, and enzymatic reactions, helping you understand the foundational principles of life sciences.

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