Biology Basics and Biomolecules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in viruses?

To degrade host DNA

To synthesize proteins from nucleic acids

To replicate viral RNA directly

To convert RNA into DNA (correct)

Why would a virus integrate its RNA into a host's genome?

To enhance the energy production of the host

To evade detection by the host's immune system

To increase the speed of host cell division

To utilize the host's replication machinery for viral reproduction (correct)

What is primarily achieved by the lysogenic cycle of a virus?

Replication of the virus independently of the host

Production of viral proteins in the host cell

Immediate lysis of the host cell

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome (correct)

What mechanism do vaccines utilize to prevent viral infections?

They introduce inactive or weakened forms of the virus. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates retroviruses like HIV from other types of viruses?

They reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA for integration. Signup and view all the answers

Which components are primary in the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

Carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of integral proteins in the membrane?

They span the entire membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecules crosses the cell membrane at the slowest rate?

Large polar molecules Signup and view all the answers

What defines co-transport in cellular transport mechanisms?

Simultaneous transport of two molecules across the membrane in the same direction Signup and view all the answers

How does a hypotonic solution impact plant cells?

Increases rigidity and turgor pressure Signup and view all the answers

What biological process results from cellular dehydration?

Plasmolysis as cells lose water Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative ΔG value in a biochemical reaction signify?

The reaction occurs spontaneously and releases energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

Accepts electrons at the end of the chain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during substrate-level phosphorylation?

ATP is synthesized by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP Signup and view all the answers

How are atoms rearranged during photosynthesis?

Atoms of compounds are rearranged to form new compounds Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of photosynthesis that are essential for cellular respiration?

Oxygen and sugar Signup and view all the answers

Identify the first step of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What does chemiosmosis refer to in cellular processes?

Movement of protons to drive ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle is essential for amino acid metabolism during protein catabolism?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are necessary to create one 6-carbon glucose molecule?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence contains a start codon?

A.TGA ATA CCT Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily involved in adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication?

DNA polymerase III Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a difference between the number of codons and amino acids?

Some codons do not code for amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the poly-A tail play in mRNA?

It protects RNA from degradation. Signup and view all the answers

How does a deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence affect protein synthesis?

It causes a frameshift mutation. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates photosynthesis from cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis splits water to release oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced at the end of the translation process?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

Deliver amino acids to ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemiosmosis in cellular processes?

It powers the production of ATP creating a proton gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis in an organism?

To repair tissues, grow, and support asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

When given a DNA sequence, what does the resultant mRNA strand represent?

A corresponding RNA transcript with uracil Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis do microtubules shorten to move chromosomes?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of introns in eukaryotic genes?

They are removed during RNA processing. Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ in plant cells compared to animal cells?

Plants form a cell plate using vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines viruses as unique among biological entities?

They require a host for replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily produced during sexual reproduction in humans?

Both haploid and diploid cells appear at various stages Signup and view all the answers

What actually separates during anaphase I in meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes split apart Signup and view all the answers

If a cell has 60 units of DNA during G1, how much DNA is present in anaphase II?

30 units Signup and view all the answers

From the genetic cross AaBB x aabb, how many unique gametes can be generated?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synapsis during meiosis?

To pair homologous chromosomes together Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology Basics (1-10)

Archaea, E. coli, and bacteria lack a nucleus
DNA similarities reveal evolutionary connections
A theory is broader, supported by evidence; a hypothesis is specific and testable
The independent variable in an experiment is the manipulated variable

Biomolecules and Functional Groups (11-20)

Biomolecules, such as sugars, are part of nucleotides, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
Cellulose, which is a carbohydrate, cannot be digested by humans
Amino acids link by peptide bonds in proteins
RNA produces proteins, replicates DNA, and transports nutrients

Acids, Bases, and Cell Membranes (21-30)

A decrease in pH indicates a more acidic solution
Hydroxyl groups make alcohols like ethanol
Triglycerides are types of lipids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

Energy and Enzymes (31-40)

A negative ΔG indicates a reaction that will occur
Catalysts speed up, but do not participate in or change, reactions
Glucose breakdown is slow at room temperature due to enzymes' need for activation energy
Enzymes speed up reaction rate but aren't permanently changed

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (41-50)

Photosynthesis produces oxygen and sugars used in cellular respiration
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration
Chemiosmosis moves protons to drive ATP synthesis
The Calvin cycle produces a 6-carbon molecule

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (51-60)

Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair
Sexual reproduction results in a combination of haploid cells
Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes
Cytokinesis isn't part of meiosis I

Genetics and Inheritance (61-70)

A diploid cell (2n=46) contains two copies of each chromosome
The number of phenotypes resulting from crosses of alleles varies with their combinations.
Synapsis in meiosis allows chromosomes to pair up and swap segments.
The possibility for chromosome combinations varies according to ploidy

DNA and Molecular Biology (71-80)

If a DNA strand has 15% Thymine, it will have 15% adenine, and 35% of guanine and cytosine
DNA polymerase III is responsible during DNA replication
Proteins are synthesized during translation
Introns are removed during RNA processing

Viruses and Molecular Genetics (81-90)

Viruses are inert outside the host, using host machinery for replication
Viruses consist of only genetic material, enclosed in a protein shell, and are specific to host cells
Retroviruses use RNA and an enzyme to create DNA
Retroviruses insert RNA into the host genome

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Description

Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts in biology, including the properties of biomolecules, acids and bases, and energy processes in living organisms. This quiz covers important topics such as cellular structures, nucleic acids, and enzymatic reactions, helping you understand the foundational principles of life sciences.