Biology Basics Quiz (1-30)
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Questions and Answers

What is the main role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

  • Produces carbon dioxide
  • Donates electrons to ATP synthase
  • Provides energy to pump protons
  • Accepts electrons at the end of the chain (correct)

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis (correct)

What happens during substrate-level phosphorylation?

  • ADP is directly converted to ATP by ATP synthase
  • ATP is synthesized by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP (correct)
  • Energy is released as heat
  • ATP is generated without the electron transport chain

How are atoms rearranged during photosynthesis?

<p>Atoms of compounds are rearranged to form new compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of photosynthesis used for in cellular respiration?

<p>Oxygen and sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cycle does protein catabolism depend on for amino acid metabolism?

<p>Citric acid cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process splits water to produce oxygen?

<p>Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the light-independent reactions?

<p>To build carbohydrates for long-term energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?

<p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cross between AaBB and aabb, how many different phenotypes can occur?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a heterozygous individual, what percentage of their offspring will be homozygous dominant?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a couple with two female children having a male child as their next child?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected fraction of daughters who will be color-blind if a color-blind father has children with a mother who has normal vision?

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the fur color in the offspring of a black-furred female cat crossed with an orange-furred male?

<p>Black males, tortoiseshell females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded from a recombination frequency of 16% between two genes?

<p>The genes are close together on the same chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in the context of cloning?

<p>To replicate genetic material identically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of mRNA transcribed from the DNA strand ACTGATGCC?

<p>UGACUACGG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a stop codon is encountered during translation?

<p>Translation halts, and the protein is released. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA type carries the genetic code for protein synthesis?

<p>mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a polysome?

<p>A cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during RNA splicing?

<p>Introns are removed, and exons are joined together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence represents a complementary DNA strand for the sequence A.TGA ATA CCT?

<p>T.ACT TAT GGA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process utilizes a 5' cap and poly-A tail to protect RNA?

<p>RNA processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the role of an independent variable in a scientific experiment?

<p>It is the variable that is manipulated to observe its effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA similarities contribute to our understanding of evolutionary relationships?

<p>By revealing connections between different species over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation results from the deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence?

<p>Frameshift mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct outcome of codons that do not code for amino acids?

<p>They can act as stop signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a scientific theory from a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence, whereas a hypothesis is a specific testable prediction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does tRNA play in the process of protein synthesis?

<p>It transfers amino acids to the ribosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about covalent and ionic bonds is accurate?

<p>Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve transferring electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do viruses rely on host cellular machinery for replication?

<p>They lack the necessary enzymes for reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the addition of an electron to an atom result in concerning its charge?

<p>It becomes negatively charged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that a carbon atom can form with hydrogen atoms?

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the characteristics of viruses differ from traditional living organisms?

<p>Viruses contain DNA or RNA but not both. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy is employed by bacteriophages to propagate within a host?

<p>Lytic and lysogenic cycles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of covalent bond is recognized as the strongest and hardest to break?

<p>Non-polar covalent bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding neutrons to an atomic nucleus in regard to atomic properties?

<p>It affects the stability and isotopes of the atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the lysogenic cycle?

<p>To allow viral DNA to integrate into the host genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some viruses, such as retroviruses, integrate their RNA into the host's genome?

<p>To hijack the host's replication mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reverse transcriptase?

<p>An enzyme that converts RNA into DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines prevent viral infections?

<p>They introduce weakened or inactive pathogens to stimulate immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retroviruses like HIV from other viruses?

<p>They reverse transcribe RNA into DNA for integration into the host genome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson and Crick deduce the structure of DNA?

<p>Through X-ray crystallography data from Rosalind Franklin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in DNA, what percentage is cytosine?

<p>30% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA polymerase III?

<p>To elongate DNA strands during replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleus in Archaea, E.coli, and bacteria?

Archaea, E.coli and bacteria do not have a nucleus.

DNA similarities and ancestry?

DNA similarities reveal evolutionary connections and shared ancestry.

Theory vs. hypothesis?

A theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction.

Independent variable definition (experiment)

The independent variable is the factor being changed in an experiment.

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Critical thinking scientific value?

Critical thinking reduces errors and biases in scientific experiments.

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Atomic number + neutrons = ?

Atomic number plus the number of neutrons equals the atomic weight (mass).

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Covalent vs. ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve transferring electrons.

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Maximum carbon covalent bonds?

Carbon can form a maximum of 4 covalent bonds.

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Strongest Covalent bond type?

Non-polar covalent bonds are the strongest.

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Add electron to atom charge?

Adding an electron to an atom makes it negatively charged.

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Role of oxygen in ETC

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, essential for the production of ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain's final acceptor

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC) is oxygen.

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

A metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

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Photosynthesis atom rearrangement

During photosynthesis, atoms of compounds are rearranged to form new compounds.

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Photosynthesis products in respiration

Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen; respiration consumes those products.

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First step of cellular respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration.

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Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the process of generating ATP by harnessing the energy of proton gradients across membranes.

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Protein catabolism cycle

Protein catabolism relies on the citric acid cycle for amino acid metabolism.

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Leading Strand Elongation

The process of adding nucleotides to the new DNA strand that is being synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication.

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Codon Redundancy

The phenomenon where multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. This results in 64 possible codons for only 20 amino acids.

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RNA Protection

The process of protecting mRNA from degradation by enzymes in the cytoplasm using a 5' cap and a poly-A tail.

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Frameshift Mutation

A genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, resulting in a shift of the reading frame during translation.

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Product of Translation

The final product of translation is a polypeptide chain, which folds into a functional protein.

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tRNA Function

tRNA molecules act as adapters that deliver specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon sequence.

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mRNA Transcription

The process of copying a DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule.

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Introns

Non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed during RNA processing, leaving only the exons (protein-coding sequences).

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Chromosomes in a human gamete

A human gamete (sperm or egg cell) contains half the number of chromosomes found in a somatic cell (body cell). Since a human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, a gamete will have 23 chromosomes.

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Phenotypes from a cross

The number of possible phenotypes resulting from a cross depends on the number of heterozygous gene pairs involved. Each heterozygous pair can produce two different phenotypes, so in the cross AaBB x aabb, there is one heterozygous gene pair (Aa), leading to 2 possible phenotypes.

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Homozygous dominant offspring

When crossing a homozygous dominant individual with a heterozygous individual, 50% of the offspring will inherit the dominant allele from the heterozygous parent, resulting in homozygous dominant offspring.

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Probability of male offspring

The probability of a couple having a male child is 50%, regardless of the gender of previous children. Each conception is an independent event.

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Color blindness inheritance

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A color-blind father will pass his X chromosome with the recessive allele to his daughters. If the mother carries the recessive allele, there is a 50% chance a daughter will inherit the recessive allele from both parents and be color-blind.

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Sex-linked inheritance in cats

Black fur in cats is X-linked. A black female has two X chromosomes with the black fur allele, while an orange male has one X with the orange allele and one Y. Their offspring will be black males (inherit the X from the mother) and tortoiseshell females (inherit one X with black from the mother and one with orange from the father).

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Recombination frequency

Recombination frequency is the percentage of offspring that show a different combination of alleles than the parental generation. A lower recombination frequency indicates that genes are located closer together on the same chromosome because they are less likely to be separated during crossing over.

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Determining X-linked traits

A reciprocal cross, where the parents' genotypes are swapped, is used to determine if a trait is X-linked. If the offspring phenotypes differ based on which parent is the male or female, the trait is X-linked.

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Semiconservative DNA Replication

During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand (from the parent molecule) and one newly synthesized strand.

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Meselson & Stahl Experiment Result

After three rounds of DNA replication, 75% of the DNA strands are composed of only light nitrogen, demonstrating the semiconservative nature of DNA replication.

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mRNA's Role

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where it directs protein synthesis.

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Stop Codon's Effect

When a stop codon is encountered during translation, the process halts, and the newly synthesized protein is released from the ribosome.

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What is a Polysome?

A polysome is a cluster of ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA molecule, allowing for efficient production of multiple copies of the protein.

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Lysogenic Cycle Purpose

The lysogenic cycle is a viral replication strategy where the viral DNA integrates into the host's genome. This allows the virus to remain dormant while the host cell continues to divide, spreading the viral DNA without directly lysing the cell.

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Reverse Transcriptase Function

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in retroviruses that converts RNA into DNA. This allows the viral RNA to be integrated into the host's genome for replication.

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How Vaccines Work

Vaccines introduce weakened or inactive pathogens into the body, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the specific virus. This provides immunity without causing disease.

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Retroviruses vs. Other Viruses

Retroviruses like HIV differ from other viruses by using reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host's genome.

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Watson & Crick's DNA Discovery

Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA using X-ray crystallography data obtained by Rosalind Franklin. Their model revealed the double-helix structure and base-pairing rules.

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DNA Base Ratios

In DNA, the amounts of adenine (A) always equal thymine (T), and the amounts of cytosine (C) always equal guanine (G). This is due to base pairing rules (A-T and C-G).

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DNA Polymerase III Role

DNA Polymerase III is the enzyme responsible for elongating new DNA strands during replication, adding nucleotides to the growing chain in a 5' to 3' direction.

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Semi-Conservative Replication

DNA replication is considered semi-conservative because each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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Study Notes

Biology Basics (1-10)

  • Archaea, E. coli, and bacteria lack a nucleus.
  • DNA similarities reveal evolutionary connections.
  • A theory is broader, supported by evidence; a hypothesis is specific and testable.
  • An independent variable is manipulated in a scientific experiment.
  • Critical viewpoints in science reduce errors and biases.

Biomolecules and Functional Groups (11-20)

  • Nucleotides compose bases in nucleic acids, and carbohydrates comprise sugars.
  • Cellulose is indigestible to humans due to a lack of necessary enzymes.
  • Peptide bonds hold amino acids within proteins.
  • RNA's primary function is protein production.
  • During centrifugation, the nucleus, followed by ribosomes, then mitochondria, precipitate out.
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

Acids, Bases, and Cell Membranes (21-30)

  • A decrease in pH corresponds to an increase in acidity.
  • Hydroxyl groups are involved in creating alcohols and neutralizing basic substances.
  • Triglycerides are lipids.
  • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
  • Cell membranes contain proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
  • Integral proteins are also known as transmembrane proteins.

Energy and Enzymes (31-40)

  • A negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous reaction.
  • Catalysts, such as enzymes, speed up chemical reactions.
  • ADP, compared to ATP, lacks energy.
  • Glucose breakdown is slow at room temperature due to insufficient activation energy.
  • Competitive inhibitors hinder reactions by binding to the active site.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (41-50)

  • Photosynthesis's products, such as sugars, are used in cellular respiration.
  • Cellular respiration's initial step is glycolysis.
  • Chemiosmosis involves the movement of protons to drive ATP production.
  • Protein catabolism relies on the citric acid cycle.
  • Photosynthesis produces glucose through the Calvin cycle.
  • Photosynthesis uses light energy to create chemical energy.

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis (51-60)

  • Mitosis promotes growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • Mitosis creates identical offspring cells.
  • During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate.
  • Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction.

Genetics and Inheritance (61-70)

  • A human gamete has 23 chromosomes.
  • Crossing AaBB x aabb could lead to a variety of phenotypes.
  • A homozygous dominant individual crossed with a heterozygous individual would result in offspring with 50% homozygous dominant alleles.
  • Color blindness is a sex-linked trait.

DNA and Molecular Biology (71-80)

  • If thymine makes up 15% of a DNA sample, guanine will also make up approximately 15%.
  • Complementary strands are pairs of bases that bond together to create the double helix structure.
  • DNA polymerase III is responsible for elongating DNA strands during replication.
  • Codons code for specific amino acids.
  • Introns are non-coding regions of DNA that are removed during mRNA processing.
  • Translation produces proteins.

Viruses and Molecular Genetics (81-90)

  • Viruses rely on host cells for replication.
  • Retroviruses are a type of virus that reverse transcribes RNA into DNA for integration into the host genome.
  • Vaccines stimulate the immune system by using weakened or inactive pathogens.

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