Biological Molecules and Bacterial Cells

True (A)

Sugars have multiple OH groups located at various positions, allowing for a variety of linkages and branching patterns.

<p>involves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosidic linkage = A type of covalent bond that links two sugar molecules α = The position of an OH group below the plane of the ring β = The position of an OH group above the plane of the ring Condensation reaction = A chemical reaction where a water molecule is released Hydrolysis = A chemical reaction where a water molecule is added</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage, membrane assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates are always linear chains. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = Energy storage, structural support Lipids = Genetic information storage Proteins = Diverse cellular functions Nucleic acids = Energy storage, membrane assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage and membrane formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = Energy storage and structural support Lipids = Energy storage and membrane formation Proteins = Most cellular functions Nucleic acids = Information storage and short-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pK</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspartic acid = Acidic Histidine = Basic Lysine = Basic Glutamic acid = Acidic Arginine = Basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to create and maintain order in a universe that tends towards disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage and membrane barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. This property allows them to form bilayers in cell membranes, creating a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglycerides = The primary energy storage form of lipids in animals. Phospholipids = Form the structural basis of cell membranes. Gangliosides = Similar to phospholipids, but with a carbohydrate head group involved in cell-cell communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linkages between glucose molecules are different in starch and cellulose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids are distinguished by their side (R) groups, which vary in structure, charge, and polarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy conversions are always 100% efficient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells maintain order by exchanging energy with their environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells use energy from their environment to build complex molecules from simpler ones, increasing order within themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reactions- Specifically dehydration reaction because a water molecule is formed in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disacchardies= Glycosidic bond Proteins= Peptide bond Nucleic acids= Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy from outside the cell is used to create order inside cells, counteracting entropy.

A measure of disorder; increases in the environment when cells generate order.

Polymers made from sugar monomers; serve as energy storage and provide structural support.

Molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol; function in energy storage and membrane formation.

Polymers built from nucleotide monomers; function in information storage and short-term energy.

A bond formed between sugar molecules via a condensation reaction.

A specific type of glycosidic linkage between a β OH of one sugar and an α OH of another.

The positioning of OH groups can be UP (β) or DOWN (α) relative to the sugar ring.

Complex structures formed by linking multiple sugar molecules in various ways.

There are 11 different configurations for forming disaccharides from D-glucose.

Starch is digestible energy storage; cellulose is indigestible structural support.

A chemical reaction that joins two molecules by releasing water.

Starch and cellulose are both long chains made from glucose subunits.

Distinct chemical groups attached to amino acids that determine their properties.

Amino acids that can gain or lose protons, affecting their charge at different pH levels.

Amino acids that have a negative charge at physiological pH, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Amino acids that are positively charged at physiological pH, including histidine, lysine, and arginine.

The pH at which half of the species of an ionizable substance are in their charged form.

The building blocks of nucleic acids and short-term energy carriers with a uniform structure.

The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various biological processes.

The ability of living organisms to maintain complex structures despite the universe's tendency toward disorder.

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose due to enzyme specificity.

A type of lipid for energy storage in animals, composed of hydrocarbon chains.

Lipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, vital for cell membranes.

Lipids similar to phospholipids but with a carbohydrate head group; involved in cell communication.

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in an enzyme leading to GM2 ganglioside accumulation in neurons.

An enzyme that metabolizes GM2 gangliosides; its mutation leads to Tay-Sachs disease.

The building blocks of proteins; vary by side (R) group and can be used for energy.

Energy in a closed system is constant; it can change form but not be created or destroyed.

Energy conversions are never 100% efficient, some energy is lost as heat.

All processes increase disorder (entropy); usable energy tends to decrease.

Reactions that decrease available usable energy occur spontaneously.

Reactions that increase usable energy are not spontaneous.

A reaction that occurs without a net addition of energy.

Cells increase biological order while interacting with their environment; they don't violate the 2nd law.

Cells are open systems that can exchange energy with their surroundings.

Carbon-based molecules essential for life in cells.

Small subunit molecules that link to form polymers.

Large molecules made up of linked monomers.

Polymers made from amino acids that perform cellular functions.

Process that links monomers by removing water.