Questions and Answers
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____
The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____
Starch is composed of ________
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____
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What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?
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The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____
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Which functional group(s) is (are) present in all amino acids?
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What is a macromolecule?
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Define polymer.
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Define monomers.
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What are enzymes?
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What is a dehydration reaction?
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Define hydrolysis.
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What are carbohydrates?
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What are monosaccharides?
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What is a disaccharide?
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What is a glycosidic linkage?
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What are polysaccharides?
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What is starch?
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What is glycogen?
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Define cellulose.
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What is chitin?
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What are lipids?
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What constitutes a fat?
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Define fatty acid.
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What is triacylglycerol?
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Define saturated fatty acid.
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Define unsaturated fatty acid.
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What are trans fats?
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What is a phospholipid?
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Define steroids.
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What is cholesterol?
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Define gene.
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What are nucleic acids?
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What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
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What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
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Define gene expression.
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What are polynucleotides?
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Define nucleotides.
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What is a pyrimidine?
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What are purines?
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Define deoxyribose.
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What is ribose?
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What is a double helix?
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Define antiparallel.
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What is bioinformatics?
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Define genomics.
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What is proteomics?
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Study Notes
Biological Molecules
- Major categories include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
- Nucleic acids are formed from monomers called nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
Carbohydrates
- Starch is composed of branched amylopectin and unbranched amylose.
- Carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, with monosaccharides being the simplest form.
- Glycosidic linkages join monosaccharides, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides through dehydration reactions.
Amino Acids
- Amino acids consist of an amino group and a carboxyl group, with variability coming from the R group (side chain) of the amino acid.
Lipids
- Characteristic commonality among lipids is their hydrophobic nature; they do not dissolve in water.
- Fats are composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol, termed triacylglycerols or triglycerides.
- Fatty acids can be saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, important in forming cellular membranes.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are macromolecules that catalyze chemical reactions without being consumed, typically composed of proteins.
Genetic Information
- Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are polymers of nucleotides serving as blueprints for protein synthesis.
- DNA is characterized by its double-helix structure and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA includes ribose sugar and typically functions in protein synthesis.
Molecular Structures
- Polynucleotides are formed from nucleotide monomers, and they can be strands of DNA or RNA.
- Antiparallel orientation refers to the opposite directionality of the sugar-phosphate backbone in the DNA double helix.
Biochemical Techniques
- Bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, and mathematics to analyze large biological data.
- Genomics studies entire sets of genes within a species and their interactions.
- Proteomics focuses on the properties, interactions, and abundance of proteins within a biological system.
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Description
This quiz covers the major categories of biological molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. It explores their structures, components, and functions. Test your understanding of these essential biomolecules and their characteristics.