Biological Molecules and Water Properties

Nitrogen is a key component of proteins as it is important in amino acids, needed in the amino groups to form peptide bonds, and helps in making secondary and tertiary structures.

Nitrogen is found in nitrogenous bases that make up nucleic acids, forming hydrogen bonds in DNA and other nucleic acids.

Phosphorus serves as the structural backbone in nucleotides and connects nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds.

<p>Phosphorus helps make up the head of the cell membrane, which attracts water and maintains the bilayer structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The polarity of water arises from its asymmetrical structure, allowing it to attract and repel itself, which is crucial for biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slightly negative charge of oxygen attracts the slightly positive hydrogen of another water molecule, forming hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water's polarity allows it to cling to other polar surfaces, facilitating processes like water movement in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Hydrogen bonds between water molecules require more energy to increase temperature, resulting in high specific heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High heat is required to break hydrogen bonds for vaporization, allowing water to absorb significant heat before changing state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, which build polymers or break them down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific folding of amino acids creates a unique shape necessary for proteins to bind with other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The straight chain of carbon atoms and the presence of carboxyl groups determine whether fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharides that contribute to energy storage and structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The double helix structure and complementary base pairing allow for accurate replication and carrying genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Secondary structures are held together by hydrogen bonds between amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structure results from hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions among side chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quaternary structure is characterized by the interactions and bonds similar to tertiary structure, involving multiple polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acid side chains interact to cause proteins to fold uniquely through hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids make up the plasma membrane of cells, allowing for compartmentalization and water attraction, which is vital for cell life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch has a helical structure that can be easily broken down by enzymes in animals, unlike cellulose which has straight chains that few organisms can digest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids are directional, with a 5' to 3' orientation impacting their synthesis and function in processes like replication and transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins have directionality based on their amino acid sequence, which determines their folding and functional properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates have structural directionality that influences how they link and function, determining their role in energy storage and structural components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal membranes separate organelles within cells, reducing interactions and increasing surface area for multiple processes to occur simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membranes create compartments for specific metabolic processes, allowing enzymes to operate efficiently within distinct regions of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayers and contains pores for transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compartmentalization requires organelles, which prokaryotic cells lack, making eukaryotic cells more efficient in performing diverse functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's a system of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins, similar to a shipping process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are complex structures composed of rRNA and proteins that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus consists of stacked membranes that receive, modify, sort, and ship proteins and other products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria have a double membrane and are the site for ATP production via cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for digesting cellular waste and macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that provide support, storage, and waste disposal, especially in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound organelles that metabolize fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells have simpler peptidoglycan walls, while eukaryotic cells can have complex cell walls or none at all, depending on the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and located in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and contained within a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes, contain their own DNA, and are involved in energy processes, supporting the idea they were once independent prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers