Lecture 8
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of a human's life is spent sleeping if they sleep 6-8 hours per day?

  • 40-50%
  • 60-70%
  • 10-15%
  • 25-33% (correct)

    • How much of a 78-year-old's life is estimated to be spent sleeping?

  • 30-35 years
  • 5-10 years
  • 12-18 years
  • 19-26 years (correct)

    • What percentage of a cat's life is spent sleeping?

  • 35-45%
  • 20-30%
  • 80-90%
  • 50-67% (correct)

    • What drives circadian rhythms in most organisms?

    <p>Evolutionary niche adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'circadian' mean?

    <p>About day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of minutes for 6 hours of sleep?

    <p>360 mins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is claimed to be correlated with dreaming?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of time spent sleeping outside of the work-place?

    <p>Most timeconsuming human activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration allowed for each nap in the sleeping lab?

    <p>15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many naps do people take per day in the sleeping lab?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the blocks separating the naps in the sleeping lab?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is particularly restorative?

    <p>Slow-wave sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep is dominated by delta activity in EEG waveforms?

    <p>Stage 3-4 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep is particularly protected when sleep duration is short?

    <p>Slow-wave sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does natural variation in sleep duration and long-term sleep reduction demonstrate?

    <p>Plasticity in sleep efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of hours per night that defines long sleepers?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for people who sleep less than 6 hours per night?

    <p>Short sleepers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to identify sleep stages in the lab?

    <p>EEG, EOG, EMG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does slow-wave sleep deprivation tend to result in?

    <p>Decreased sleep efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sleep is particularly important for health and wellbeing?

    <p>Slow-wave sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Electroencephalography (EEG) measure?

    <p>Electrical activity on the scalp arising from the synchronous activity of large populations of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is characterized by delta activity and associated with reduced heart rate and muscle relaxation?

    <p>Slow-wave sleep (stages 3 &amp; 4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sleep according to the text?

    <p>Essential for survival and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Electromyography (EMG) measure?

    <p>Electrical activity caused by muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological correlate of dreaming according to early evidence?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of lesions to the pontine brainstem according to the text?

    <p>Abolishing REM sleep but not dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that sleep conserves energy and enforces evolutionary niche?

    <p>Adaptation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic EEG pattern of REM sleep?

    <p>Low amplitude, high frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Electrooculography (EOG) measure?

    <p>Eye electrical activity associated with eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of antidepressants on REM sleep and dreaming according to the text?

    <p>Counterevidence includes the impact of antidepressants on REM sleep and dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the body's 'rest-and-digest' systems according to the text?

    <p>Slow-wave sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic EEG pattern of slow-wave sleep?

    <p>Delta activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for sleep according to the text?

    <p>Survival motivated by evolutionary pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive processing?

    <p>Impairs cognitive processing and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of extreme sleep deprivation on humans?

    <p>Can be fatal due to stress, not lack of sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about the variability of sleep across species?

    <p>Sleep is highly variable across species driven by evolutionary pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Leads to reduced activity, impacting empathy and compassion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REM rebound indicate?

    <p>Indication of the importance of REM sleep and contributes to daytime alertness/sleepiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on decision-making?

    <p>Impairs decision-making, as seen in the Iowa Gambling task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does animal studies of extreme sleep deprivation suggest about its impact on health?

    <p>Stress, not lack of sleep, can be fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of sleep across species according to the text?

    <p>Evolutionary pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of very long periods of total sleep deprivation on executive functioning?

    <p>Associated with impaired executive functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the homeostatic regulation of REM sleep according to the text?

    <p>REM sleep is homeostatically regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of REM rebound after deprivation according to the text?

    <p>Indication of the importance of REM sleep and contributes to daytime alertness/sleepiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Psychology of Sleep and Dreaming

    • Humans are not well adapted to life in the dark, experiencing increased risk of predation and other mishaps at night.
    • Sleep is not needed for survival but is motivated by evolutionary pressures.
    • Sleep schedules should be modifiable, and there is no set amount of sleep required given wakefulness.
    • Sleep is highly variable across species and is driven more by evolutionary pressures than restoration needs.
    • Animal studies of extreme sleep deprivation have shown that stress, not lack of sleep, can be fatal.
    • Sleep deprivation in humans is often caused by stressors such as work, relationships, illness, and finances.
    • Experimental studies have shown that sleep deprivation leads to increased self-reported sleepiness and negative affect.
    • Poor sleep impairs cognitive processing and decision-making, as seen in the Iowa Gambling task.
    • Sleep deprivation can lead to reduced activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, impacting empathy and compassion.
    • Very long periods of total sleep deprivation are associated with impaired executive functioning, affecting mental processes like inhibiting impulsive actions and updating plans.
    • REM sleep is homeostatically regulated, and selectively depriving people of REM sleep can help understand its functions.
    • REM rebound, after deprivation, is an indication of the importance of REM sleep, and it contributes to daytime alertness/sleepiness.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the biological aspects of sleep and dreaming with this quiz. Explore topics such as evolutionary pressures, sleep deprivation, cognitive processing, and the functions of REM sleep. Challenge yourself with questions about the impact of poor sleep on decision-making and executive functioning.

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