18 Questions
What is the main focus of Dement & Kleitman's study on sleep and dreams?
Studying the biological processes of sleep and dreaming, especially REM stage
What is the significance of waking from REM sleep in relation to dream reports?
It often results in more vivid dream reports
What was the primary research method used by Dement & Kleitman in their study on sleep and dreams?
Laboratory experiment
How many stages make up the sleep cycle according to the text?
Four
What is the dependent variable (DV) in Dement & Kleitman's study?
Number of dreams recalled, correct dream length estimations, subjective dream reports
Which design was employed in Dement & Kleitman's study where participants were woken either 5 or 15 minutes into REM sleep?
Repeated measures design
What did the Control Group in the study help improve?
Validity of the study
What was a weakness identified in the study due to participants self-selecting into groups?
Increased risk of Type II errors
What was a strength of using the FFMQ in the study?
Improved reliability in assessing mindfulness
What is one implication of the structural brain changes found in the study?
Improved memory and emotion regions
How did offering MBSR to the Control Group after the study impact participant safety?
Enhanced ethics of the research
What key debate is highlighted in Hassett et al.'s study on Monkey Toy Preferences?
Nature vs. Nurture perspectives
What is the main assumption of the learning approach discussed in Bandura et al.'s study?
Conditioning helps explain changes in behavior.
In Bandura et al.'s study, what was the specific aim related to children's behavior?
To see if children copy behavior they see in new settings.
What research method was used by Bandura et al. in their study?
Lab experiment
Which group design was implemented by Bandura et al. in their study?
Matched pairs design
What was the independent variable (IV) in Bandura et al.'s study?
Gender of the model and aggressive or non-aggressive behaviors displayed
Based on Bandura et al.'s study, what conclusion can be drawn about children copying aggressive behavior?
Children copy aggressive behavior even when the model is not present.
Study Notes
Biological Approach
- Behaviour, cognition, and emotions are influenced by brain function, hormones, genetics, and evolution.
- Biological factors interacting with other influences shape similarities and differences between people.
Sleep and Dreaming
- Dement and Kleitman investigated biological processes of sleep and dreaming, specifically the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage.
- REM stage is strongly linked to dreaming, and waking from REM sleep often leads to more vivid dream reports.
- Sleep cycle comprises four stages: three NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and one REM.
- Laboratory experiment was conducted at the University of Chicago with 9 adult participants (7 male, 2 female).
- Variables: REM/NREM sleep, REM duration before waking, eye movement direction, number of dreams recalled, correct dream length estimations, and subjective dream reports.
Mindfulness and Brain Changes
- MBSR program led to structural brain changes in memory and emotion regions.
- Improved mindfulness correlated with increased grey matter.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study
- Strengths: Use of FFMQ, a highly reliable questionnaire, and a control group to improve validity.
- Weaknesses: Small sample size, lack of randomization, and self-selection of participants.
Ethics and Debates
- Ensured participant safety, informed consent, and the right to withdraw.
- Control group was offered MBSR after the study.
- Supports both nature and nurture perspectives.
- Highlights applications of mindfulness practices in reducing stress and improving well-being.
Hassett et al. Study
- Studied monkey toy preferences to explore the debate between nature and nurture influences.
- Findings could inform improvements in legal practices regarding children's testimonies.
Learning Approach
- Conditioning and social learning help explain changes in behaviour.
- Bandura et al. study: Children copy behaviour they see, even in new settings without the model present.
- Aim: Explore whether children copy aggressive behaviour when the person they observed isn't present, and if there are differences between boys and girls in learning aggression.
- Experimental design: Lab experiment at Stanford University's nursery school, with 72 children aged 3 to 6, evenly split by gender.
- Variables: Exposure to aggressive or non-aggressive models, and the model's gender; aggressive and non-aggressive behaviours observed in children.
Explore the main assumptions of the biological approach in psychology, focusing on how behavior, cognition, and emotions are influenced by brain function, hormones, genetics, and evolution. Learn about the Dement & Kleitman study that investigates the biological processes of sleep and dreaming, with a specific focus on REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage.
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