Psychology Chapter on Consciousness and Sleep
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines consciousness?

  • The physical state of being awake
  • A measurable brain activity metric
  • A person's subjective experience and their mental activity (correct)
  • The ability to sleep and dream

What bodily rhythm is associated with fluctuations in sleep length and mood throughout the seasons?

  • Annual Cycle (correct)
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Sleep Wake Cycle
  • Daily Cycles

Which of the following individuals would likely be rated the MOST CONSCIOUS based on the provided rankings?

  • Terri Schiave
  • Robot
  • Koko gorilla
  • Meditating Monk (correct)

What role does melatonin play in the sleep-wake cycle?

<p>It is influenced by the Suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling sleep patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological rhythm describes regular variations occurring over a 24-hour cycle?

<p>Circadian Rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of REM sleep?

<p>It involves most of the dreaming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is NREM sleep primarily different from REM sleep?

<p>NREM consists of lighter sleep stages leading to deep sleep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests a reason sleep evolved in response to predation?

<p>Circadian Rhythm Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect is associated with sleep deprivation?

<p>Decreased hippocampal activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of NREM sleep is characterized as Deep Sleep or SWS?

<p>SWS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain wave pattern is associated with full wakefulness?

<p>Beta waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by hypnagogic hallucinations?

<p>NREM Stage 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep do delta waves occur and the person is hard to wake?

<p>NREM Stage 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to breathing and body temperature during NREM Stage 3 and 4?

<p>Breathing becomes more regular, body temperature decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes REM sleep in comparison to other sleep stages?

<p>Dreaming and rapid eye movements occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of sensation is responsible for converting outside stimuli into neural activity?

<p>Transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Weber's Law, what does a Just Noticeable Difference (JND) refer to?

<p>The smallest difference detectable between two stimuli 50% of the time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute threshold in the context of sensation?

<p>The lowest level of stimulation a person can consciously detect 50% of the time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the process from stimulation to perception?

<p>Stimulation → Transduction → Sensation → Perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of sensation as defined in the provided content?

<p>Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of sensory adaptation?

<p>Decreased responsiveness of the brain to sensory input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to humans?

<p>Blue-violet light to red light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does signal detection theory affect our perception of stimuli?

<p>It allows us to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding different organisms and light perception is correct?

<p>Bees can detect wavelengths that humans cannot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a visual detection threshold?

<p>Seeing a candle flame from 30 miles away on a clear night (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct characteristic of REM sleep?

<p>Characterized by rapid eye movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically influences the amount of REM sleep a person experiences?

<p>The experiences and stress levels during the day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between manifest content and latent content in dreams?

<p>Manifest content refers to the apparent story, whereas latent content signifies the underlying meaning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs following a period of REM sleep deprivation?

<p>REM Rebound, which leads to increased REM sleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that dreams arise from random brain activity?

<p>Activation-Synthesis Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in dark adaptation?

<p>Recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after bright light exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes light adaptation?

<p>It occurs faster than dark adaptation due to cone sensitivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the trichromatic theory explain in terms of color perception?

<p>How combinations of three types of cones produce all colors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to opponent-process theory, what happens when one color in a pair is stimulated?

<p>The other color in the pair is inhibited from firing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mixed theories of color vision explain afterimages?

<p>By combining both trichromatic and opponent-process theories to show two-stage processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in the eye?

<p>They function in low light conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by light rays focusing in front of the retina?

<p>Myopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are light rays focused in a hyperopic eye?

<p>Light rays focus beyond the retina. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ganglion cells play in the eye?

<p>They transmit visual information to the occipital lobe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of presbyopia?

<p>It results from the lens becoming less flexible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?

<p>To focus light onto the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light into nerve signals?

<p>Retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lens of the eye when focusing on distant objects?

<p>It remains flat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain?

<p>Optic nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of light is primarily responsible for determining color (hue)?

<p>Wavelength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the retina are responsible for detecting light and converting it into signals?

<p>Rods and cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is visual accommodation?

<p>The ability of the eye to focus on near and distant objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a relay station for visual information within the brain?

<p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the pitch of a sound according to Place Theory?

<p>The location of stimulated hair cells on the organ of Corti. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation accurately defines the Frequency Theory of pitch perception?

<p>Pitch corresponds to the vibration speed of the basilar membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nerve deafness?

<p>It usually involves injury to hair cells from exposure to loud noise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Volley Principle explain hearing tones around 3000 Hz?

<p>Multiple groups of neurons alternate firing to convey the tone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by damage to the outer and middle ear?

<p>Conduction deafness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consciousness

A person's subjective experience and mental activity, resulting from brain activity.

Circadian Rhythm

A regular bodily rhythm that repeats roughly every 24 hours.

Melatonin

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, influencing sleep-wake cycles.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Brain region in the hypothalamus that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

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Sleep-wake cycle

A 24-hour cycle that governs sleep and wakefulness.

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Beta Waves

Small, fast brain waves associated with wakefulness and alertness.

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Alpha Waves

Larger, slower brain waves associated with relaxed wakefulness.

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NREM Stage 1

The first stage of sleep, characterized by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves..

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REM Sleep

Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreams.

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Delta Waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep and growth hormone secretion.

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REM sleep

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movement and dreaming.

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NREM sleep

A restful sleep stage with varying depths, divided into further stages.

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Circadian Rhythm theory

The theory that sleep evolved to protect from danger during vulnerable times.

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Sleep deprivation effects

Reduces memory, healthy weight, and cognitive ability; increases anxiety and weakens the immune system.

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Sleep stages

REM and NREM, progressing in cycles, including different depths of NREM.

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Sleepwalking and Crime

Sleepwalking may be a valid defense in criminal cases, suggesting the actions were unconscious.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Smallest difference detectable between two stimuli 50% of the time; a constant ratio to the stimulus.

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Absolute Threshold

Lowest level of stimulation a person consciously detects 50% of the time.

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Sensation

Process of detecting stimuli via sense organs, sending signals to the brain.

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Transduction

Converting external stimuli into neural signals by sensory receptors.

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and high brain activity, occurring approximately every 4-5 hours.

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REM Cycle Length

The duration of a REM sleep cycle increases with each cycle, lasting approximately 5 to 40 minutes.

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Dreams & Memory

Dreams experienced during REM are vivid and often not remembered unless one awakens close to their conclusion.

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Dreaming Frequency

People often report dreaming every night, but recollection is selective.

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REM Rebound

Increased REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.

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Cornea function

The transparent layer through which light enters the eye.

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Pupil's role

Controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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Retina function

Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, converting light into nerve signals.

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Rods and cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that convert light waves into signals.

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Visual accommodation

Eye's ability to change focus from near to far.

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Light waves and brightness

Brightness of light is determined by the amplitude of the light waves.

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Light waves and color

Color of light is determined by the wavelength of the light waves.

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Optic nerve function

Carries signals from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain for processing.

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Light Wavelengths

Light is made up of different wavelengths, each corresponding to a color in the visible spectrum.

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Visible Spectrum

The range of wavelengths of light that human eyes can detect. Blue-violet to red.

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Signal Detection Theory

Our brains prioritize focusing on what we want to see by filtering out other information.

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Habituation

The brain stops registering a constant, unchanging stimulus.

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Sensory Adaptation

Sensory receptors become less responsive to a continuous stimulus.

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Dark Adaptation

The eye's adjustment to low light levels after exposure to bright light, taking about 30 minutes.

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Light Adaptation

The eye's adjustment to bright light levels after exposure to darkness, which happens quickly, in seconds.

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Trichromatic Theory

Color vision theory proposing three types of cones (blue, green, red) combine to create all colors.

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Color Blindness

A condition where defective cones in the retina make it difficult to distinguish certain colors.

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Opponent-Process Theory

Color vision theory proposing four primary colors (red, green, blue, yellow); receptors work in pairs, inhibiting each other. Explains afterimages.

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Rods

Eye receptors that detect black, white, and gray.

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Cones

Eye receptors that detect color (blue, red, green) and detail.

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Myopia

Nearsightedness; light focuses in front of the retina.

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Hyperopia

Farsightedness; light focuses behind the retina.

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Astigmatism

Irregularities on the cornea's surface; blurred vision.

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Place Theory

Pitch perception depends on where hair cells on the inner ear are stimulated. High pitch = near the oval window; low pitch = further away.

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Frequency Theory

Pitch is determined by the speed of basilar membrane vibrations. Faster = higher pitch; slower = lower pitch.

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Volley Principle

Groups of neurons fire in turns to process high frequencies, like 3000Hz (instead of one neuron doing it all).

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Conduction Deafness

Hearing loss caused by problems in the outer or middle ear, like a damaged eardrum or ossicles.

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Nerve Deafness

Hearing loss resulting from damage to hair cells, commonly due to loud noise.

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