Biochemistry Quiz: Krebs Cycle and Neuronal Function

<p>To provide energy for biochemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 nm thick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron-transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encloses the cytoplasm within the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total confusion and helplessness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of neurofibrillary tangles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paired helical filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes symptoms of the disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four and a half years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clarity in time and place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tombstones of dead and dying neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calling for her husband and daughter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To directly inject DNA into living cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are hollow pipes made of tubulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased from one in a million to one in three cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A series of linked DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tau (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammalian somatic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It improved gene integration efficiency immensely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided visualization for precise manipulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One thousand copies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They anchor microtubules and other structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concatenation of gene sequences in the chromosomes was achieved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microfilaments are thinner and more flexible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical structure and geometry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a bridge between microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It detaches from microtubules and accumulates in the soma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The axons wither, impeding information flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of tau within the soma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From less than 1 µm to about 25 µm in humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow axons to communicate with neighboring cells or the same neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A technique that stains neurofilaments green (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairs the normal flow of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.01–0.05 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40–200 times smaller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of the compound microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tissue has a Jell-O-like consistency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hardening method for the tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nanometer (nm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late 17th century (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Millimeter (mm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 μm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents thin sections from being cut (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cells range from 0.01 to 0.05 mm in diameter.

Neurons are 40-200 times smaller than a pencil tip.

Invented in the late 17th century, allowed for viewing cells.

Brain tissue is jelly-like, complicating thin slicing.

Required for microscopy to view brain cells accurately.

Required method to study brain cells without losing structure.

Standardized units used for measuring sizes, including cells.

A unit equal to 10^-6 meters; near the limit of light microscopy.

A unit equal to 10^-9 meters; near the limit of electron microscopy.

The smallest detail that can be observed with a microscope.

A technique to inject DNA into living cells using fine needles.

Any body cell that is not a reproductive cell.

The process of inserting foreign DNA into the host cell's genome.

Linking together multiple copies of a DNA sequence.

The success rate of integrated DNA in cells improved drastically.

Tools used to manipulate small objects, including cells, under a microscope.

A series of nucleotides that make up DNA; key in genetic information exchange.

The starting point for genetic modification using injection techniques.

A series of biochemical reactions in the mitochondrion involving pyruvic acid that generates energy.

The primary energy currency of the cell produced during cellular respiration.

A series of reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP from the Krebs cycle’s products.

A key intermediate in several metabolic pathways, entering the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Adenosine diphosphate, which becomes ATP when a phosphate group is added.

The barrier that encloses the cytoplasm of a neuron, controlling substance entry.

Cell organelle responsible for energy production through respiration and the Krebs cycle.

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron-transport chain occurs.

Tau stabilizes microtubules in axons, maintaining their structure.

In Alzheimer's, tau detaches from microtubules and accumulates, causing dysfunction.

Axons transport information across long distances in the nervous system.

Branches of axons that return to communicate with the originating neuron or nearby dendrites.

Axon diameter ranges from less than 1 μm to 1 mm, influencing signal speed.

Aggregated tau proteins forming tangles inside neurons, often seen in Alzheimer's.

Microtubules serve as a scaffold for axonal transport and cell shape maintenance.

Alzheimer's disrupts the cytoskeleton, causing axons to wither and impair information flow.

A state where an individual is confused about time and place.

The level of cognitive decline in dementia, notably Alzheimer's.

Hearing voices or noises that are not present.

The decline in cognitive functions, reverting to earlier stages of thought.

Proteins that form paired helical filaments in neurofibrillary tangles.

Confused state that involves hallucinations and agitation.

The disappearance of neurons in the brain over time.

Hollow tubes in neurons composed of tubulin, crucial for structure and transport.

Microtubules measure 20 nm in diameter.

The process of joining small proteins to form long strands.

Proteins that regulate microtubule assembly and anchor them.

Thin strands in neurons made of actin, measuring 5 nm in diameter.

A protein that makes up microfilaments in neurons.

The process of breaking down polymers into smaller units.