Eindoxidatie: Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Quiz and Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Match the following components involved in the process of photosynthesis with their roles:

Electron = Moves down a series of protein complexes Proton = Forms a hydrogen atom when combined with an electron Chlorophyll = Loses electrons which are replaced during the process NADP = Gets reduced by the hydrogen atom to form reduced NADP

Match the following events in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis with their outcomes:

Pumping of protons by electron energy = Creates a proton gradient from stroma to thylakoid space Diffusion of protons through ATP synthase = Drives the process of photophosphorylation Absorption of light by PSI = Causes the electron to move to a high energy level Formation of hydrogen atom from electron and proton = Used in reducing NADP to form reduced NADP

Match the following terms related to photosynthesis with their definitions:

Stroma = Region where protons move to create a proton gradient Thylakoid space = Region with high concentration of protons due to proton pumping Photophosphorylation = Process driven by protons diffusing through ATP synthase ATP synthase = Enzyme responsible for phosphorylating ATP from ADP and Pi

Match the following processes in photosynthesis with their descriptions:

Splitting of water = Produces 1 molecule of oxygen, 4 protons, and 4 electrons Movement of electrons down protein complexes = Involves pumping protons across the membrane Formation of a proton gradient = Results in high proton concentration in thylakoid space Reduction of NADP = Involves combining an electron with a proton to form a hydrogen atom Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of photosynthesis with their descriptions:

Carbon dioxide fixation = Process where carbon dioxide is fixed with ribulose bisphosphate Reduction phase = Involves reducing glycerate-3-phosphate using reduced NADP Regeneration of RuBP = Uses triose phosphate to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate Organic molecule production = Formation of glucose from triose phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following molecules with their roles in photosynthesis:

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) = Molecule used to fix carbon dioxide Glycerate-3-phosphate = Formed from the breakdown of a 6-carbon sugar Triose phosphate = Product of the reduction phase Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate = Intermediate formed in organic molecule production Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Rubisco = Enzyme needed for carboxylation in photosynthesis NADP = Coenzyme involved in reducing glycerate-3-phosphate ATP = Provides energy for various stages in photosynthesis Calvin Cycle = Series of reactions to produce glucose from carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory processes with their descriptions:

Aerobic respiration = Release of carbon dioxide while reuniting hydrogen with oxygen Anaerobic respiration = Occurs in the absence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following molecules with their respective quantities produced per molecule of glucose:

ATP = 2 molecules NADH = 6 molecules FADH = 2 molecules CO2 = 4 molecules Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct process in oxidative phosphorylation:

NADH binds to Complex I and releases hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons. = Step 1 Electrons are passed down a chain of protein complexes from Complex I to IV. = Step 2 Protons are pumped across in Complexes I, III, and IV using energy from electrons. = Step 2 Final acceptor of electrons is oxygen, forming water. = Step 3 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in oxidative phosphorylation:

Proton Gradient = Created by pumping protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space Stalked Particle = Protein channel through which protons move across the membrane Final Acceptor = Oxygen, combining with electrons and protons to form water Energy Source = Electrons moving down a chain of protein complexes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their actions in oxidative phosphorylation:

Reduced NAD (NADH) = Binds to Complex I, releasing hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons Reduced FAD (FADH) = Binds to Complex II, releasing hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons Electrons = Released into the electron chain after passing through protein complexes Protons = Pumped across by energy from electrons in Complexes I, III, and IV Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Net primary productivity (NPP) = The rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up new plant biomass Gross primary productivity (GPP) = The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules in plants during photosynthesis Net production of consumers (N) = Calculated by subtracting the chemical energy lost to the environment from the energy stored in ingested food Nutrient cycles = Processes where nutrients are recycled within natural ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

Match the following equations with their meanings:

NPP = GPP - R = Represents the available energy for plant growth and reproduction after accounting for respiratory losses N = I - (F + R) = Calculates the net production of consumers by considering energy stored in ingested food, energy lost in faeces and urine, and respiratory losses Calorimetry in bomb calorimeter = Method used to estimate chemical energy stored in dry biomass by burning a sample in pure oxygen Change in water temperature in calorimetry = Used to calculate the energy content of a sample during calorimetry Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their roles in ecosystem energy flow:

NPP = Available for plant growth, reproduction, and consumption by other trophic levels like decomposers and herbivores GPP = Represents the chemical energy store in plant biomass before accounting for respiratory losses R = Respiratory losses of energy to the environment during plant metabolism I = Energy stored in ingested food before any losses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Ammonification = Break down organic matter to ammonia by saprobionts Nitrification = Conversion of ammonia to nitrite ions by nitrifying bacteria Denitrification = Conversion of nitrate ions to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen Fixation = Process where nitrogen gas is fixed into other compounds by nitrogen-fixing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages with their descriptions:

Ammonification = Breakdown of proteins into amino acids and subsequently to ammonia by saprobionts Nitrification = Conversion of ammonia to nitrite ions and then nitrate ions by nitrifying bacteria Denitrification = Conversion of nitrate ions to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen Fixation = Fixing of nitrogen gas into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the following products with their corresponding enzymes:

Proteins = Extracellular protease enzymes break them down into amino acids Amino Acids = Deaminase enzymes remove amino groups from them Ammonia = Result of the breakdown of amino acids by saprobionts Nitrite Ions = Intermediate product formed during nitrification Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct process in the nitrogen cycle:

Plants can absorb nitrate ions through their roots. = Nitrification Nitrate ions are converted to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria. = Denitrification Nitrogen gas is fixed into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. = Nitrogen Fixation Organic matter is broken down to ammonia by saprobionts. = Ammonification Signup and view all the answers

Match the following facts with the correct organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle:

Bacteria responsible for converting ammonia to nitrite ions. = Nitrifying Bacteria Bacteria that convert nitrate ions to nitrogen gas. = Denitrifying Bacteria Bacteria fixing nitrogen gas into ammonia. = Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Microbes breaking down organic matter to ammonia. = Saprobionts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their outcomes in the nitrogen cycle:

Ammonia = Result of breakdown of proteins into amino acids and then further breakdown by deaminase enzymes Nitrite Ions = Intermediate product formed during nitrification before conversion to nitrate ions Nitrogen Gas = Final product when denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate ions Ammonium Ions = Formed after nitrogen gas is fixed into compounds by nitrogen-fixing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Light-Dependent Reactions

When water is split, 1 molecule of oxygen, 4 protons, and 4 electrons are produced
Oxygen either diffuses out through stomata or is used in respiration
4 protons move into the stroma, creating a proton gradient
The excited electron moves down a series of protein complexes, pumping protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space
The electron then moves to PSI, where more photons of light are absorbed, causing the electron to move back up to a high energy level

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Carbon dioxide fixation: CO2 is fixed with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) in a process known as carboxylation
Reduction phase: the reducing power of reduced NADP reduces glycerate-3-phosphate, forming 2 molecules of triose phosphate
Regeneration of RuBP: 5 molecules of triose phosphate are used to regenerate 3 molecules of ribulose bisphosphate
Organic molecule production: 2 molecules of triose phosphate combine to form the intermediate hexose sugar fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Respiration

Aerobic respiration: splitting of a respiratory substrate, releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product
Anaerobic respiration: occurs in the absence of oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation: process by which energy from NADH and FADH is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane
Krebs cycle: 2 ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, 2 FADH molecules, and 4 CO2 molecules are produced per molecule of glucose

Photosynthesis

Net primary productivity (NPP): rate at which energy is transferred into organic molecules, minus respiratory losses to the environment
Gross primary productivity (GPP): rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules in photosynthesis
NPP = GPP – R

Nutrient Cycles

Nitrogen cycle: nitrogen is recycled within natural ecosystems, with four stages:
- Ammonification: microbes break down organic matter to ammonia
- Nitrification: nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite ions
- Denitrification: nitrate ions are converted to nitrogen gas
- Nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas is fixed into other compounds by bacteria with nitrogen-fixing ability