Basal Ganglia Function: Indirect Pathway
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for the affective aspects of the Default Mode Network?

  • Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (correct)
  • Lateral orbitofrontal cortex
  • Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
  • Posterior cingulate cortex
  • Which brain region is involved in motivated behaviour and reinforcement of stimuli to different areas of the basal ganglia and cortex?

  • Limbic loop
  • Anterior cingulate cortex
  • Ventral striatum (correct)
  • Lateral orbitofrontal cortex
  • Which brain region is responsible for value assignment in the Value Guided Choice System?

  • Medial orbitofrontal cortex
  • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • Lateral orbitofrontal cortex (correct)
  • Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
  • Which part of the brain is involved in visual motion and oculomotor decision?

    <p>Area V5/ middle temporal visual areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is responsible for action value comparison in the Value Guided Choice System?

    <p>Anterior cingulate cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is responsible for value comparison in the Value Guided Choice System?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amygdala in relation to the OFC?

    <p>Updating the values of expected outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the targets for action in the voluntary action system?

    <p>The task the organism is engaged in and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the premotor cortex?

    <p>To translate targets into motor targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the division in the exogenous information stream?

    <p>A dorsal path for visually guided movements and a ventral path for skilled tool-related movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the amygdala's updating function and the OFC's storage of values?

    <p>Animals are able to choose advantageously when there are multiple competing cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the medial prefrontal cortex?

    <p>To select endogenously derived action targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cognition is associated with the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>'Dry' forms of cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a well-defined and easy to handle goal in the context of reward processing?

    <p>Obtaining a reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the prefrontal cortex is involved in predicting rewards expected from different options and cues?

    <p>Orbital frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lateral PFC in the context of goal-directed behavior?

    <p>It represents the options and cues in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the prefrontal cortex is involved in representing the possible action to obtain the predicted rewards?

    <p>Medial PFC (cingulate cortex)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of updating stimulus-reward associations?

    <p>Stimulus-reward association updating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

    <p>To oppose the disinhibition of the direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives a strong excitatory input from the cortex and projects to the globus pallidus (internal segment) and substantia nigra pars reticulata?

    <p>Subthalamic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which loop begins at the frontal eye fields / supplementary eye fields and projects to the caudate nucleus?

    <p>Oculomotor Loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect of the indirect pathway on the basal ganglia outputs?

    <p>Increased inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is tonically active and receives input from the caudate and putamen?

    <p>Globus pallidus external segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the indirect pathway in the motor loop?

    <p>To modulate the effects of the direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral lateral PFC according to Passingham et al (2004)?

    <p>Cognitive control of task execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea presented in Xu et al (2014)?

    <p>Task-dependent switching in communication between PFC and sensory areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of Bunge et al (2003) to the field of neuroscience?

    <p>An empirical test of Miller's ideas on the role of PFC in goal-directed behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Passingham et al (2004), what is the key characteristic of sustained activity in PFC?

    <p>It is outcome-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the ideas presented in Passingham et al (2004) and Miller's model?

    <p>Passingham et al argue that PFC is involved in cognitive control, while Miller's model suggests it is only involved in WM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from the studies mentioned in the text?

    <p>PFC is involved in cognitive control and task execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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