80 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal ganglia?
Integration of sensory information
Which pathway is responsible for promoting action/movement?
Direct pathway
What happens when the firing rate of GPi/SNr is increased?
Motor movement is inhibited
Which of the following is true about the firing rates of GPe neurons?
They have high tonic firing rates
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on GPe firing rate?
Transient inhibition
Which structure receives the motor plan from the thalamus and sends it back to the cortex?
Thalamus
What is the role of dopamine from the substantia nigra in the direct pathway?
Increases firing rate of GPi/SNr
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on the indirect pathway?
Transient excitation
Which nuclei in the basal ganglia are inhibitory?
Globus pallidus
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Activation of movement
Which receptor is activated by dopamine in the indirect pathway?
D2 receptor
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the SNc?
Action selection is suppressed
What happens in the early stage of Huntington's disease?
Excess indirect pathway output
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the direct pathway?
Suppresses movement in the presence of strong cortical drive
What is the role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in the indirect pathway?
Controls the indirect pathway
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway?
Action inhibition is facilitated
What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disorders?
Indirect pathway output
What is the net effect of the loss of DA input from the SNc?
Action selection is suppressed
What happens in the advanced stage of Huntington's disease?
Excess direct pathway output
What is the consequence of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Apoptosis of striatal neurons
Which of the following is a role of the basal ganglia?
Generation of goal-directed voluntary movements
What is the function of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?
Promotes action/movement
What is the function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on GPe firing rate?
Increases GPe firing rate
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the direct pathway?
Increases activity in the direct pathway
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the indirect pathway?
Decreases activity in the indirect pathway
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra?
Decreased activity in the indirect pathway
What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disorders?
Hypokinetic disorders result in reduced movement, while hyperkinetic disorders result in excessive movement
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Increases motor activity
What is the consequence of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Increased activity in the direct pathway
Which pathway is responsible for inhibiting action/movement?
Indirect pathway
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the direct pathway?
Uncontrolled movement
What is the effect of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Akinesia and rigidity
What happens when there is loss of control of the subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
Multiple plans of movement compete with each other
What is the main cause of Huntington's disease?
Mutation of CAG repeat
What is the consequence of excess direct pathway output?
Uncontrolled movement
What is the consequence of insufficient indirect pathway output?
Akinesia and rigidity
What is the net effect of the loss of dopamine input from the SNc?
Action selection is suppressed
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway?
Action inhibition is facilitated
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Uncontrolled movement
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal ganglia?
Autonomic function
What is the consequence of insufficient indirect pathway output?
Increased movement
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the direct pathway?
Promotes action/movement
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on GPe firing rate?
Transient inhibition
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra?
Decreased movement
What is the function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the net effect of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra?
Decreased movement
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Increases movement
What is the effect of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Increased movement
What happens when there is loss of control of the subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
Increased movement
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway in Huntington's disease?
↑ firing of GPi neurons
What is the consequence of loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease?
Direct pathway becomes less active
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the direct pathway?
Facilitates movement in the presence of a strong cortical drive
What is the consequence of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Death of neurons in the direct pathway
What is the net effect of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease?
Action selection is suppressed
What is the main cause of Huntington's disease?
Mutation of CAG repeat
What is the consequence of the loss of striatal neurons in the direct pathway in Huntington's disease?
↓ inhibition of GPi
What is the net effect of the loss of DA input from the SNc?
Action selection is suppressed
What is the consequence of insufficient indirect pathway output in hyperkinetic disorders?
Excess direct pathway output
What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disorders?
Insufficient direct pathway output vs. excess direct pathway output
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal ganglia?
Autonomic function regulation
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the direct pathway?
Promotes action/movement
What is the consequence of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Promotes action/movement
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on GPe firing rate?
Transient inhibition
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disorders?
Hypokinetic disorders involve reduced movement, while hyperkinetic disorders involve excessive movement.
What is the consequence of the loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway in Huntington's disease?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Increases movement
What is the net effect of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease?
Suppresses action/movement
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway in Huntington's disease?
Choreiform symptoms
What is the consequence of insufficient indirect pathway output in hyperkinetic disorders?
Uncontrolled movement
What is the consequence of the loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease?
Akinesia and rigidity
What is the effect of disinhibition in the thalamo-cortical circuit?
Increased firing of thalamo-cortical neurons
What is the main difference between hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disorders?
Excess indirect pathway output in hypokinetic disorders
What is the consequence of sustained excitotoxicity of the direct pathway?
Excessive uncontrolled movement
What is the impact of dopamine activation on the indirect pathway?
Inhibition of the indirect pathway
What is the net effect of the loss of DA input from the SNc?
Suppression of action selection
What is the consequence of loss of striatal neurons in the direct pathway?
Akinesia and rigidity
What is the effect of phasic cortical excitation on GPe firing rate?
Hyperactive GPe
Test your knowledge on the function and dysfunction of the basal ganglia. Explore its role in generating goal-directed voluntary movements, motor learning, motor pattern selection, and more.
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