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Questions and Answers
What is the primary treatment for Acute Bacterial Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b?
What is the primary treatment for Acute Bacterial Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Typical Pneumonia?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Typical Pneumonia?
How is Acute Otitis Media primarily transmitted?
How is Acute Otitis Media primarily transmitted?
What is a key preventive measure for reducing the risk of Acute Otitis Media in children?
What is a key preventive measure for reducing the risk of Acute Otitis Media in children?
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Which bacterial species is commonly associated with Meningococcal meningitis?
Which bacterial species is commonly associated with Meningococcal meningitis?
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What symptom is predominantly seen in Pertussis?
What symptom is predominantly seen in Pertussis?
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In which scenario is the Hib vaccine particularly effective?
In which scenario is the Hib vaccine particularly effective?
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Which method is a recommended treatment for Sinusitis?
Which method is a recommended treatment for Sinusitis?
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What is a common transmission route for Bronchitis?
What is a common transmission route for Bronchitis?
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Which of the following describes a common prevention method for Otitis Externa?
Which of the following describes a common prevention method for Otitis Externa?
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What is the primary treatment for Streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is the primary treatment for Streptococcal pharyngitis?
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Which of the following is a method to prevent Diptheria?
Which of the following is a method to prevent Diptheria?
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What symptom is commonly associated with Pneumococcal Meningitis?
What symptom is commonly associated with Pneumococcal Meningitis?
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Which transmission route is associated with Scarlet Fever?
Which transmission route is associated with Scarlet Fever?
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What is a common complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
What is a common complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
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What prevention method is recommended for Acute Otitis Media?
What prevention method is recommended for Acute Otitis Media?
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Which treatment option is appropriate for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
Which treatment option is appropriate for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
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What symptom is characteristic of both Epiglottitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae?
What symptom is characteristic of both Epiglottitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae?
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What is the transmission method for infections caused by Corynebacterium diptheria?
What is the transmission method for infections caused by Corynebacterium diptheria?
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What is an observed symptom of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
What is an observed symptom of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
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Which treatment is used for Chlamydophila pneumoniae?
Which treatment is used for Chlamydophila pneumoniae?
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What is the primary prevention method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
What is the primary prevention method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with Tuberculosis (TB)?
Which symptom is commonly associated with Tuberculosis (TB)?
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Which organism is known to cause 'Walking pneumonia'?
Which organism is known to cause 'Walking pneumonia'?
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What is the primary method of transmission for Chlamydophila psittaci?
What is the primary method of transmission for Chlamydophila psittaci?
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Which antibiotic is specifically used to treat Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetti?
Which antibiotic is specifically used to treat Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetti?
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What symptom is associated with Legionella pneumophila besides a dry hacking cough?
What symptom is associated with Legionella pneumophila besides a dry hacking cough?
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What is the primary prevention method for atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the primary prevention method for atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Which bacteria is associated with the respiratory transmission route that may also spread through water systems?
Which bacteria is associated with the respiratory transmission route that may also spread through water systems?
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Which organism’s primary symptom includes headache, fever, and a dry cough?
Which organism’s primary symptom includes headache, fever, and a dry cough?
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Identify the correct preventive measure for Scarlet Fever.
Identify the correct preventive measure for Scarlet Fever.
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What symptom is most commonly associated with Diptheria?
What symptom is most commonly associated with Diptheria?
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Which of the following summarizes the key complication associated with Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
Which of the following summarizes the key complication associated with Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
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For which condition is the Hib vaccine primarily effective?
For which condition is the Hib vaccine primarily effective?
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Which transmission method is primarily associated with Acute Otitis Media?
Which transmission method is primarily associated with Acute Otitis Media?
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What is a primary symptom of Pneumococcal Meningitis?
What is a primary symptom of Pneumococcal Meningitis?
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What treatment is indicated for Corynebacterium diptheria infections?
What treatment is indicated for Corynebacterium diptheria infections?
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Which symptom would suggest Pneumococcal Pneumonia specifically?
Which symptom would suggest Pneumococcal Pneumonia specifically?
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What is the main symptom of Streptococcal pharyngitis?
What is the main symptom of Streptococcal pharyngitis?
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Which complication is notably reduced in the U.S. due to the Hib vaccine?
Which complication is notably reduced in the U.S. due to the Hib vaccine?
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What is a common symptom of Acute Otitis Media?
What is a common symptom of Acute Otitis Media?
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Which of the following is a preventive measure for Meningococcal meningitis?
Which of the following is a preventive measure for Meningococcal meningitis?
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Which symptom is associated with Bronchitis?
Which symptom is associated with Bronchitis?
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What is the typical treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
What is the typical treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
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What is the primary transmission route for Pertussis?
What is the primary transmission route for Pertussis?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by pain and swelling of the sinuses?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by pain and swelling of the sinuses?
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What preventive step is associated with reducing the risk of Acute Otitis Media?
What preventive step is associated with reducing the risk of Acute Otitis Media?
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Which bacterial species is primarily implicated in causing Otitis Externa, also known as swimmer's ear?
Which bacterial species is primarily implicated in causing Otitis Externa, also known as swimmer's ear?
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What is a distinctive feature of Typical Pneumonia?
What is a distinctive feature of Typical Pneumonia?
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Which microflora is commonly associated with rare neonatal meningitis in low weight newborns?
Which microflora is commonly associated with rare neonatal meningitis in low weight newborns?
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What is the main prevention method for reducing the risk of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
What is the main prevention method for reducing the risk of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
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Which of the following is a symptom characteristic of active Tuberculosis?
Which of the following is a symptom characteristic of active Tuberculosis?
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What is the primary transmission route for Coxiella burnetti infections?
What is the primary transmission route for Coxiella burnetti infections?
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Which vaccination is specifically recommended for children under 7 years of age to prevent diseases caused by Bordetella pertussis?
Which vaccination is specifically recommended for children under 7 years of age to prevent diseases caused by Bordetella pertussis?
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The Mantoux test is utilized primarily for screening which type of infection?
The Mantoux test is utilized primarily for screening which type of infection?
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What type of pneumonia is associated with a dry hacking cough and primarily affects young adults and college students?
What type of pneumonia is associated with a dry hacking cough and primarily affects young adults and college students?
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For effective prevention of Psittacosis, which of the following should be avoided?
For effective prevention of Psittacosis, which of the following should be avoided?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella pneumophila?
Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella pneumophila?
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Which condition is characterized by influenza-like symptoms and is associated with exposure to contaminated water systems?
Which condition is characterized by influenza-like symptoms and is associated with exposure to contaminated water systems?
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What is a significant risk factor for developing Q fever in humans?
What is a significant risk factor for developing Q fever in humans?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Respiratory Infections
-
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
- Causes acute bacterial meningitis, epiglottitis, and otitis media
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets from prolonged contact
- Prevented by Hib vaccine
- Responsible for the decline of epiglottitis in the US
-
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Causes strep throat and scarlet fever
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin
- Prevented with hand hygiene
- Complications include rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis due to reactions to M proteins.
-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Causes diphtheria
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin, erythromycin, and antitoxins
- Prevented by DTaP vaccine
- Characterized by pseudomembrane formation due to exotoxin inhibiting translation
-
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Causes pneumococcal meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media, and epiglottitis
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Prevented by vaccination
- Responsible for 30% of meningitis cases in the US
- 80% of "typical" pneumonia cases are caused by S. pneumoniae
- Pneumococcal pneumonia characterized by rust-colored sputum
-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causes tuberculosis
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented by BCG vaccine and avoiding exposure to active TB patients
- 90% of TB patients are asymptomatic
- Mantoux test used for detection
- Primary TB infection, primary active TB disease, latent TB infection, and secondary active TB disease are all possible stages
-
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Causes "atypical" pneumonia, also known as "walking pneumonia"
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets and contaminated water systems
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented by thorough cleaning and disinfecting of water systems
-
Legionella pneumophila
- Causes Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever
- Transmitted through contaminated water systems
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented by thorough cleaning and disinfecting of water systems
-
Coxiella burnetti
- Causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease
- Transmitted through dust particles and contact with infected animals
- Treated with doxycycline
- Prevented by vaccination for high-risk occupations
-
Chlamydophila psittaci
- Causes psittacosis, a zoonotic disease
- Transmitted through contact with infected psittacine birds
- Treated with doxycycline
- Prevented by keeping susceptible birds away from infected birds
-
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Causes chlamydial pneumonia
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets
- Treated with doxycycline and erythromycin
- Prevented with hand hygiene
- Common in college students and young adults
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Causes Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat)
- Characterized by sore throat, fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes/tonsils
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin
- Prevented by hand hygiene
-
Scarlet fever is a complication of Strep throat
- Causes a pink/red rash on the neck, chest, and arms, along with a strawberry tongue
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin or clarithromycin
- Prevented by hand hygiene
- Complications of Strep throat and Scarlet fever include rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis, both related to reactions to M proteins
Corynebacterium diptheria
- Causes diphtheria
- Symptoms include a sore throat and low-grade fever
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin, erythromycin, and antitoxins
- Prevented by the DTaP vaccine
- Pseudomembrane develops due to the exotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Causes Epiglottitis
- Characterized by severe throat pain, fever, muffled voice,
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with IV antibiotics
- Prevented by the Hib vaccine (leading to a decrease in cases in the US)
- Causes Acute Otitis Media
- Common in early childhood
- Symptoms include ear pain, redness, and swollen eardrum
- Spread through airborne contact
- Treatment includes a wait-and-see approach or antibiotics
- Prevention involves limiting time in childcare
- Causes Pneumococcal Meningitis
- Symptoms include stiff neck, fever, headache, nausea/vomiting, and sensitivity to light
- Spread through respiratory droplets through prolonged contact
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented through vaccination
- Responsible for 30% of meningitis cases in the US
- Causes Infectious Bronchitis
- Characterized by runny nose, sore throat, chills, general malaise, fever, and dry cough
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented through the annual flu vaccine and hand hygiene
- Causes Pneumococcal Pneumonia
- Symptoms include high fever, sharp chest pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea), and rust-colored sputum
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with penicillin or cefotaxime
- Prevented through vaccination and hand hygiene
- Responsible for 80% of "typical" pneumonia cases
Haemophilus influenzae
- Causes Epiglottitis
- Symptoms include severe throat pain, fever, and muffled voice
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with IV antibiotics
- Prevented by the Hib vaccine (leading to a decrease in cases in the US)
- Causes Acute Otitis Media
- Common in early childhood
- Symptoms include ear pain, redness, and swollen eardrum
- Spread through airborne contact
- Treatment includes a wait-and-see approach or antibiotics
- Prevention involves limiting time in childcare
- Causes Acute Bacterial Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
- Characterized by stiff neck, fever, severe headache, nausea/vomiting, and sensitivity to light
- Spread through respiratory droplets through prolonged contact
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented through vaccination
- Causes Bronchitis
- Symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, fever, chills, cough, and body aches
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented through the flu vaccine and hand hygiene
- Causes "Typical" Pneumonia
- Symptoms include chills, high fever, shortness of breath (dyspnea), chest pain, and cough with green/yellow sputum
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented by practicing good hand hygiene
Indigenous microbiota
- Causes sinusitis
- Symptoms include pain, tenderness, and swelling in the sinuses
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treatment includes nasal sprays or antibiotics
- Prevention involves minimizing contact with people who have colds
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas sp.
- Causes Otitis Externa ("Swimmer's ear")
- Common in early childhood
- Symptoms include itching and ear pain
- Spread through contaminated water
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and topical/oral medications
- Prevented through keeping ears dry
Nisseria meningitidis
- Causes Meningococcal meningitis
- Symptoms include fever, stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, severe headache, rash, and sensitivity to light.
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- The most common type of meningitis in Africa
Group B Strep, Escherichia coli, Listeria
- Cause rare neonatal meningitis in low-weight newborns
- Group B Strep is a common microflora found in 1 in 4 healthy women
- Group B Strep-positive mothers and infants receive antimicrobial therapy postnatally to prevent meningitis
Bordetella pertussis
- Causes pertussis ("whooping cough")
- Symptoms include low-grade fever, severe cough, a "whoop" sound during cough, paroxysms (coughing fits), and malaise
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with erythromycin
- Prevented through the DTaP and Tdap vaccines:
- DTaP for children under 7 years old
- Tdap for teens and adults
- Toxin paralyzes ciliated cells in the respiratory tract
- There has been an increase in cases in the US
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causes Tuberculosis
- Active TB symptoms include cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and breathing pain
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented through avoiding exposure to active TB patients and the BCG vaccine
- 90% of those infected with TB have no symptoms.
- One cell is needed for infection
- Miliary TB is when active tubercles are throughout the body.
- The Mantoux test is used for detection.
- TB is characterized by four stages: primary TB infection, primary active TB disease, latent TB infection, and secondary active TB disease
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Causes "Atypical" Pneumonia ("Walking Pneumonia")
- Symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, and a dry hacking cough
- Spread through respiratory droplets and can also spread through water systems, whirlpool spas, and air conditioning systems.
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented with extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems
Legionella pneumophila
- Causes "Atypical" Pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease)
- Symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, and a dry hacking cough
- Spread through respiratory droplets and can also spread through water systems, whirlpool spas, and air conditioning systems.
- Treated with antibiotics
- Prevented with extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems
- Can also cause Pontiac fever
- Symptoms resemble influenza
Coxiella burnetti
- Causes Q fever (zoonotic "atypical" pneumonia in humans)
- Symptoms include headache, fever, and a dry cough
- Spread through dust particles and infected animals
- Treated with doxycycline
- Prevented through vaccination for high-risk occupations
Chlamydophila psittaci
- Causes Psittacosis (zoonotic, “atypical” pneumonia in humans)
- Symptoms include headache, fever, and a dry cough
- Spread through infected psittacine birds
- Treated with doxycycline
- Prevented by keeping susceptible birds away from the infecting agent
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Causes Chlamydial pneumonia ("atypical" pneumonia)
- Symptoms include headache, fever, and a dry cough
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Treated with doxycycline or erythromycin
- Prevented through hand hygiene
- Common in college students and young adults
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Description
This quiz explores key bacterial respiratory infections such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Learn about their causes, transmission methods, prevention strategies, and treatments. Test your knowledge on the importance of vaccines and the implications of these infections on human health.
