42 Questions
What is the primary goal of prophylactic active immunization with diphtheria toxoid?
To prevent the disease
What is the typical duration of the initial stage of tuberculosis?
2-4 weeks
What is the name of the granulomatous reaction that forms in tuberculosis?
Tubercle
Which of the following is NOT a common site of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis?
Brain
What is the characteristic of the ulcer in oral tuberculosis?
Painful and slowly increasing in size
What is the name of the type of tuberculosis that affects the bone of the maxilla or mandible?
Tuberculosis osteomyelitis
What is the typical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis?
Fever, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary tuberculosis?
Primary TB is asymptomatic, while secondary TB is symptomatic
What is the primary method of diagnosing diphtheria?
Isolation of the organism from affected sites
What is the role of diphtheria antitoxin in treatment?
It neutralizes the circulating diphtheria toxin
What is a complication of diphtheria?
Cardiovascular and nervous system diseases
What is the origin of M.tuberculosis that produces illness in humans?
Human and bovine strains
What is the result of toxemia in diphtheria?
Myocarditis and polyneuritis
What is the interaction between the bacilli and the host in tuberculosis?
Inhaling droplet nuclei from infectious patients
What is the primary goal of treatment for tetanus?
To prevent muscle spasm
What is the mortality rate of neonatal tetanus?
80% - 90%
What is the typical duration of penicillin treatment for tetanus?
10 days
Which of the following bacteria is an obligate intracellular, acid-fast, and gram-positive bacillus?
Mycobacterium leprae
What is the name of the posture characterized by an arched back in tetanus patients?
Opisthotonus
What is the primary source of toxin production in tetanus?
Vegetative organisms
What is the primary mode of infection for leprosy?
Through nasal secretion
What is the alternative antibiotic for penicillin-allergic patients?
Clindamycin or erythromycin
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lepromatous type of leprosy?
Hypopigmented patched
What is the typical incubation period for leprosy?
5 years
Who is most commonly affected by tetanus?
Non-immunized individuals
What is the common route of transmission of tetanus?
Through open wounds
Which of the following is NOT a common site of infection for leprosy?
Lungs
Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat leprosy?
All of the above
What is the typical age distribution of leprosy?
Bimodal, with peaks at 10-14 and 35-44 years
Which of the following is a characteristic of the tuberculoid type of leprosy?
Single or multiple macular eruptions
What is the typical treatment outcome for leprosy in patients with impaired immune systems?
Worse, with a higher relapse rate
Which of the following countries has the highest prevalence of leprosy?
Africa
What is the typical incubation period for tetanus?
3 days to 4 weeks
What is the primary causal agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What is the characteristic of the primary stage of acquired syphilis?
A solitary ulcerated lesion at the site of inoculation
What is the name of the disease characterized by a rapidly spreading, mutilating, gangrenous stomatitis?
Noma
What is the name of the test used to diagnose syphilis?
Wassermann test
What is the primary mode of transmission of syphilis?
Sexual contact
What is the name of the fungal infection characterized by soft, white, slightly elevated plaques on the buccal mucosa?
Candidiasis
What is the treatment of choice for syphilis?
Penicillin
What is the characteristic of the tertiary stage of acquired syphilis?
Involvement of the central nervous system
What is the name of the disease characterized by a gangrenous stomatitis that occurs in debilitated or nutritionally deficient individuals?
Noma
Study Notes
Diphtheria
- Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Pseudomembrane is a characteristic of diphtheria cases
- Complications: cardiovascular and nervous systems due to toxemia
- May lead to myocarditis and polyneuritis
- Diagnosis: based on clinical signs and symptoms, confirmed by isolating the organism from affected sites
- Treatment: administration of diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics (penicillin and erythromycin), and maintaining airway
- Prevention: prophylactic active immunization with diphtheria toxoid
Tuberculosis
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Infectious granulomatous disease
- Affects lungs, but also intestines, meninges, bones, joints, lymph glands, skin, and other tissues
- Can be transmitted from animals (bovine strain)
- Pathogenesis: interaction between bacilli and host, granulomatous reaction, and caseous necrotic material
- Clinical features: episodic fever, chills, fatiguability, malaise, loss of weight, persistent cough, and hemoptysis
- Tuberculosis can be pulmonary or extra-pulmonary
- Pulmonary: primary, secondary, or miliary
- Extra-pulmonary: lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary tract, bones, joints, meninges, and peritoneum
- Treatment: multiple drug therapy, including isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide
Leprosy
- Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Chronic granulomatous infection
- Affects skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testes
- Slightly contagious
- Incubation period: about 5 years
- Symptoms: hypopigmented patches, partial or total loss of cutaneous sensation, and nerve trunk involvement
- Lepromatous type: hypopigmented patches, partial or total loss of cutaneous sensation
- Oral manifestations: lepromas on the tongue, lips, or hard palate
- Treatment: specific long-term chemotherapy with rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine
Actinomycosis
- Caused by Actinomyces species
- Chronic granulomatous suppurative and fibrosing disease
- Affects the oral cavity, thorax, and abdomen
- Treatment: antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage, and excision of infected tissue
Tetanus
- Caused by Clostridium tetani
- Acute infection of the nervous system
- Characterized by intense motor neuron activity and severe muscle spasms
- Epidemic in developing countries, rare in developed countries
- Treatment: removal of spores, prevention of toxin production, neutralization of unbound toxins, and prevention of muscular spasm
Syphilis
- Caused by Treponema pallidum
- Characterized by episodes of active disease and latency
- Contracted primarily through sexual contact, but can be transmitted vertically
- Three distinctive stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary
- Primary stage: chancre at the site of inoculation
- Secondary stage: diffuse eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes, mucous patches, and Lues Maligna
- Tertiary stage: involves the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and other tissues
- Congenital syphilis: preventable with antibiotics during the first trimester
Noma
- Caused by a combination of factors, including malnutrition, systemic disease, and poor oral hygiene
- Rapidly spreading, mutilating, and gangrenous stomatitis
- Initial site: area of stagnation around a fixed bridge or crown
- Characterized by blackening appearance, foul odor, and necrotic tissue
- Treatment: antibiotics, correction of malnutrition, and surgical repair of facial defects
This quiz covers the symptoms, complications, and diagnosis of diphtheria and tuberculosis, including their etiology and effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
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