Questions and Answers
What type of bacteria is a bacillus?
What type of bacteria is a coccus?
What does dipl/o mean?
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What does staphyl/o represent?
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What does strept/o mean?
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What does alb- indicate?
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What color does chlor/o- refer to?
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What does chrom/o- signify?
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What does cirrh/o- mean?
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What does cyan/o- imply?
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What does erythr/o- denote?
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What does leuk/o- mean?
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What does lutein/o- stand for?
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What does melan/o- refer to?
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What does poli/o- imply?
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What does rhod/o- indicate?
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What does rubi/o- mean?
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What does xanth/o- refer to?
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What does a- or an- mean?
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What does acro- signify?
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What does aero- mean?
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What does brady- denote?
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What does de- mean?
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What does dia- refer to?
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What does dif- or dis- denote?
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What does dys- mean?
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What does ec- or ecto- refer to?
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What does emia- mean?
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What does end- or endo- signify?
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What does eu- mean?
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What does extra- indicate?
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What does hemi- mean?
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What does hemo- refer to?
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What does hetero- mean?
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What does homo- denote?
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What does hydro- refer to?
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What does hyper- mean?
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What does hypo- denote?
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What does in- mean?
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What does iso- refer to?
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What does lip- signify?
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What does mal- mean?
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What does mega- signify?
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What does megal- mean?
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What does meno- refer to?
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What does noct- or nyct- mean?
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What does pan- signify?
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What does para- mean?
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What does per- indicate?
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What does peri- refer to?
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What does poly- mean?
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What does post- indicate?
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What does pre- mean?
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What does pro- refer to?
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What does pyo- mean?
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What does re- denote?
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What does super- mean?
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What does supra- refer to?
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What does syn- mean?
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What does tachy- signify?
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What is an aperture?
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What is a canal (alimentary)?
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What is a canal (vaginal)?
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What is a cavity?
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What does constriction mean?
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What does dilatation or dilation mean?
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What is a foramen?
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What does hiatus mean?
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What is an introitus?
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What is a lumen?
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What is a meatus?
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What is an orifice?
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What does os refer to?
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What does patent mean?
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What does perforation refer to?
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What is a stoma?
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What is a ventricle?
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Study Notes
Bacteria Shapes
- Bacillus denotes rod-shaped bacteria; example: streptobacillus grows in twisted chains.
- Coccus refers to round-shaped bacteria; example: streptococcus grows in twisted chains.
- Diplococcus signifies round bacteria growing in pairs; example: diplococcus.
Bacterial Arrangements
- Staphylococcus describes bacteria growing in clusters, resembling grapes.
- Streptococcus indicates bacteria that form twisted chains.
Color Prefixes
- Alb- indicates white; example: albino refers to an individual with a lack of pigment.
- Chlor/o- means green; example: chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.
- Chrom/o- signifies color; example: chromocyte refers to a pigmented cell.
- Cirrh/o- denotes orange-yellow; example: cirrhosis, a liver condition with color changes.
- Cyan/o- indicates blue; example: cyanosis, a bluish skin discoloration.
- Erythr/o- signifies red; example: erythrocyte refers to red blood cells.
- Leuk/o- denotes white; example: leukocyte refers to white blood cells.
- Lutein/o- refers to saffron yellow; example: lutein, a pigment found in fat cells.
- Melan/o- indicates black; example: melanoma, a type of skin cancer.
- Poli/o- signifies gray; example: poliomyelitis, viral infection affecting CNS gray matter.
- Rhod/o- denotes red; example: rhodopsin, a visual pigment in retinal rods.
- Rubi/o- indicates reddish; example: rubella, a mild viral infection with a rash.
- Xanth/o- signifies yellowish; example: xanthochromia, yellowish skin or fluid discoloration.
Negative and Positional Prefixes
- A-/An- means without; examples: afebrile (without fever) and anoxia (absence of oxygen).
- Acro- denotes extremities or extremes; example: acrodermatitis implies skin inflammation on hands or feet.
- Aero- means air; examples: aerobic (in presence of oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen).
- Brady- signifies slow; example: bradycardia, a slow heartbeat.
- De- denotes removal; example: dehydrate, means to lose water.
- Dia- means through; example: diarrhea, frequent watery bowel movements.
- Dys- indicates bad or difficult; example: dystocia, abnormal childbirth.
- Ec/Ecto- means outside; example: ectoderm, the outer germ layer of an embryo.
Blood and Interior Terms
- Emia- refers to blood condition; example: anemia, reduced erythrocyte count.
- End-/Endo- denotes within; example: endometrium, the uterine lining.
- Eu- signifies good or normal; examples: euphoria or euthanasia.
- Extra- means outside; example: extrauterine, occurring outside the uterus.
Measurements and Conditions
- Hemi- indicates half; example: hemiplegia denotes paralysis of one side.
- Hemo- refers to blood; example: hemolysis, breakdown of red blood cells.
- Hetero- signifies different; example: heterosexual refers to attraction to the opposite sex.
- Homo- means same; examples: homosexual and homogeneous.
Water and Nutrition Terms
- Hydro- denotes water; examples: hydrotherapy and hydrocephalus.
- Hyper- means excessive; example: hypertension, high blood pressure.
- Hypo- signifies below normal; example: hypoglycemia, low blood sugar levels.
Movement and Connectivity Terms
- In- denotes in or not; example: infusion, steeping substance in liquid.
- Iso- means equal; examples: isotonic and isothermal.
Size and Quality Terms
- Lip- refers to fat; example: lipidemia, elevated fat levels in blood.
- Mal- denotes bad; example: malaise, a general feeling of discomfort.
- Mega- means large; example: megalgia, severe pain.
- Megalo- implies enlarged; example: acromegaly, abnormal extremity enlargement.
Monthly and Time-Related Terms
- Meno- refers to menstruation; example: menopause, cessation of menstruation.
- Noct-/Nyct- means night; example: nocturia, excessive night urination.
All-Inclusive and Beyond Terms
- Pan- indicates all; example: pandemic, widespread disease.
- Para- denotes beside or related; example: paracystic, near the bladder.
- Per- indicates through; example: perforate, to create holes.
Surrounding and Additional Terms
- Peri- means around; example: peritoneum, lining of abdominal cavities.
- Poly- denotes many; example: polyuria, excessive urination.
Sequential Terms
- Post- means after; examples: postpartum (after childbirth) and postoperative (after surgery).
- Pre- denotes before; example: prenatal, before birth.
- Pro- means before; example: prognosis, forecast of a condition.
Pus and Restoration Terms
- Pyo- relates to pus; examples: pyogenic and pyorrhea.
- Re- signifies back; example: rehydrate, restore water balance.
Over or Under Terms
- Super- means above; example: supernutrition, excessive nutrition.
- Supra- denotes above or beyond; example: supracostal, above the ribs.
Unity and Speed Terms
- Syn- means together; examples: synthesis and syndrome.
- Tachy- indicates fast; example: tachycardia, rapid heartbeat.
Anatomical Openings and Spaces
- Aperture refers to an opening or orifice.
- Canal (alimentary) is the digestive tube from mouth to anus.
- Canal (vaginal) is the passage from vulva to cervix.
- Cavity signifies a hollow space within the body.
- Constriction relates to narrowing or closing an opening.
- Dilatation/Dilation is the process of widening or expanding.
- Foramen signifies a natural opening in bone.
- Hiatus denotes a gap or opening.
- Introitus is the entrance to a cavity, like the vagina.
- Lumen refers to the opening within a tubular organ.
- Meatus is the opening in the urinary passage.
- Orifice means any opening, such as anal.
- Os signifies a mouth opening, specifically the cervix.
- Patent means open or unobstructed.
- Perforation describes a hole, such as in the stomach wall.
- Stoma is an artificial opening from procedures like colostomy.
- Ventricle refers to a small chamber or cavity in the brain or heart.
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Test your knowledge on the definitions and classifications of different types of bacteria, focusing on their shapes such as bacilli and cocci. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of basic microbiology terminology.